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It is a debilitating condition that can occur spontaneously (primary or idiopathic adhesive capsulitis) or following shoulder surgery or trauma (secondary adhesive capsulitis). Here, we review the pathophysiology of adhesive shoulder capsulitis, highlighting its clinical presentation, natural history, risk factors, pathoanatomy and pathogenesis. Both current non-operative and operative treatments for adhesive capsulitis are described, and evidence-based studies are presented in support for or against each corresponding treatment. Finally, the review also provides an update on the gene expression profile of adhesive capsulitis and how this new understanding can help facilitate development of novel pharmacological therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1758573216676786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,7]],"date-time":"2016-11-07T21:44:39Z","timestamp":1478555079000},"page":"75-84","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":391,"title":["Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder: review of pathophysiology and current clinical treatments"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Hai V.","family":"Le","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC), Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella J.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 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