{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T17:46:25Z","timestamp":1791740785318,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Shoulder &amp; Elbow"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To systematically examine how shoulder axial rotation angle influences isometric torque production of the internal and external rotator muscles, and to describe torque\u2013angle curve patterns and their determinants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic review was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, with a protocol registered in PROSPERO. Five databases were searched from inception to September 2026. Studies assessing isometric shoulder rotation torque, or force and moment arm, at three or more shoulder rotation angles in non-injured participants were included. Data extraction focused on torque\u2013angle patterns, testing position, muscle activation, moment arms, limb dominance, and methodological characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twelve studies were included. External rotation torque\u2013angle curves were typically descending or ascending\u2013descending, whereas internal rotation curves were predominantly ascending\u2013descending. Peak torque was generally observed near mid-range positions. Only three studies assessed multiple shoulder positions within the same sample, and none directly evaluated shoulder rotator moment arms. Electromyographic data were limited, and methodological heterogeneity, incomplete bilateral assessment, and limited standardization were common.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Shoulder rotator torque\u2013angle relationships remain incompletely characterized and appear highly dependent on joint position and testing methodology. Current evidence suggests peak torque production near mid-range rotation, but substantial gaps remain regarding functional testing positions, bilateral comparisons, athletic populations, and underlying biomechanical mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17585732261495537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:36:31Z","timestamp":1791459391000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The torque\u2013angle relationship of shoulder rotator muscles: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5857-5315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heron","family":"Baptista de Oliveira Medeiros","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Santa Catarina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0229-0414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo","family":"Campos Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Santa Catarina"},{"name":"Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Neumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Santa Catarina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heiliane","family":"de Brito Fontana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of Santa Catarina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-016-3381-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00003677-198401000-00014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199111000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2009.2808"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2023.111583"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2018.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200939070-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-015-3755-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509360404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page MJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Br Med J 2021; 372: n71.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2021.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"Bussey HI. Effect of pulley system versus Thera-Band training of the rotator cuff musculature as measured by shoulder external rotation strength in healthy subjects [dissertation]. 2000 https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/docview\/249913420 (accessed 28 January 2024)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09593985.2013.867386"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"434","article-title":"The relationship between passive glenohumeral total rotation and the strength of the internal and external rotator muscles, a preliminary study","volume":"10","author":"Cibulka MT","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cibulka MT, Enders G, Jackson A, et al. The relationship between passive glenohumeral total rotation and the strength of the internal and external rotator muscles, a preliminary study. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2015; 10: 434\u2013440.","journal-title":"Int J Sports Phys Ther"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"160","article-title":"The relationship between range of motion and muscle strength of the shoulder joint in professional baseball pitchers","volume":"17","author":"Kim BG","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kim BG, Kong S, Lim SK. The relationship between range of motion and muscle strength of the shoulder joint in professional baseball pitchers. J Mens Health 2021; 17: 160\u2013166.","journal-title":"J Mens Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199274090-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/3DAHM62677.2024.10920762"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/036354659602400412"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2015-0046"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/4328761"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jse.2005.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"Hannah D. A Comparison of strength and resistance curves for the internal and external rotators of the shoulder [thesis]. 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