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This malignancy has had few therapeutic advances prior to the introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Immunotherapy is now a cornerstone of first-line treatment for pleural mesothelioma and has been shown to provide clinical benefit for relapsed or refractory patients treated with prior chemotherapy. This review article will discuss key immunotherapy trials in the scientific literature, along with challenges in the application of this therapy. We will also discuss future areas of immunotherapy research in the treatment of mesothelioma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/17588359261420028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T12:01:17Z","timestamp":1770984077000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immunotherapy advances in pleural mesothelioma"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3316-666X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annie L.","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0200-1579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melinda L.","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, 11100 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2023.01.095"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2023.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007691003600"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","unstructured":"American Cancer Society. 8735.00-2. Mesothelioma early detection diagnosis and staging https:\/\/www.cancer.org\/cancer\/types\/malignant-mesothelioma\/detection-diagnosis-staging.html (2025 accessed 28 July 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2782590"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0226-2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2021-003032"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1333661"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2003.11.136"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01238-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","author":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN)","year":"2025","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). 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FDA approves nivolumab and ipilimumab for unresectable malignant pleural mesothelioma https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/resources-information-approved-drugs\/fda-approves-nivolumab-and-ipilimumab-unresectable-malignant-pleural-mesothelioma (2020 accessed 4 August 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2023.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2023.107440"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","first-page":"100735","article-title":"Real-world outcomes of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma receiving a combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab as first- or later-line treatment","volume":"5","author":"Schmid S","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schmid S, Holer L, Gysel K, et al. Real-world outcomes of patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma receiving a combination of ipilimumab and nivolumab as first- or later-line treatment. 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