{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:40:38Z","timestamp":1777876838564,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772150400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ther Adv Med Oncol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have changed the treatment landscape for non-small cell lung cancer, but the role of race\/ethnicity is not well understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This is a retrospective study of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients receiving ICI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated the role of race\/ethnicity in ICI response and immune-related adverse events (irAEs) in NSCLC patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NSCLC patients treated with ICIs from 2014 to 2022 at Los Angeles General Medical Center and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center were included. Primary endpoints were irAE incidence, time on ICI treatment (TOT), overall survival (OS), and progression-free survival (PFS). TOT, OS, and PFS were evaluated using the Kaplan\u2013Meier method. Landmark analysis was performed of patients receiving &gt;6\u2009month ICIs. Fisher\u2019s exact test was performed for analysis of variables between groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 211 NSCLC patients receiving ICIs were analyzed, including 86 (40.8%) Asian American\/Pacific Islander (AAPI), 65 (30.8%) non-Hispanic White\/Caucasian (NHW), 37 (17.5%) Hispanic\/Latino (HIS), and 23 (10.9%) African American\/Black (AA). Among stage IV patients, median OS for AAPI was 23.2\u2009months (95% confidence interval (CI) 16.0\u2013not reached (NR)), 23.6\u2009months (95% CI 6.9\u201338.8) for NHW, 12.7\u2009months for AA (95% CI 2.2\u201337.0), and 11.0\u2009months (95% CI 4.8\u201314.8) for HIS (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.008). Median TOT and PFS were similar among race\/ethnicities. 48.3% of AAPI developed irAE versus 27.3% for AA, 27.0% for HIS, and 39.4% for NHW. Landmark analysis showed that AAPI had longer median OS 60.6\u2009months (95% CI 20.6\u2013NR), while HIS had shorter median OS 15.4\u2009months (95% CI 8.9\u2013NR;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Among patients who experienced irAEs, median OS for AAPI was 60.6\u2009months (95% CI 20.6\u2013NR), compared to NHW at 48.4\u2009months (95% CI 20.5\u2013NR), AA at 35.7\u2009months (95% CI 2.2\u2013NR), and HIS at 15.2\u2009months (95% CI 6.3\u201331.0;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0211). There was no difference in median OS among patients who did not experience irAEs. Multivariate analysis for OS in stage IV patients showed that HIS versus AAPI (hazard ratio: 2.27; 95% CI 1.30\u20133.95) was a significant variable.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study demonstrates that AAPIs and NHW had higher irAE incidence and longer OS. Validation studies evaluating the role of race\/ethnicity in ICI response and toxicity are merited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17588359261423890","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T05:09:33Z","timestamp":1772255373000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of race\/ethnicity and the presence of immune-related adverse events on outcomes for non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3957-6106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0001, USA"},{"name":"University of Southern California Norris 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University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA"},{"name":"Los Angeles General Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"April","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology\/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Irvine, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1951-2949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shawn","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Hematology\/Oncology, Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Brady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Los Angeles General Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Trevor E.","family":"Angell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lily","family":"Dara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA"},{"name":"Division of Gastrointestinal ad Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fumito","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, 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