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Rehabilitation is recognised as the primary treatment for NTOS however, detail on rehabilitation components are poorly described. This scoping review aimed to identify and describe the physical assessment and rehabilitation components alongside clinical reasoning strategies that may aid therapists in the conservative management of adults with NTOS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Cochrane) were searched, utilising the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. The Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist was used to organise data regarding rehabilitation interventions for NTOS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-Nine out of 1381 studies identified, met the eligibility criteria. NTOS Provocation tests (16\/18 89%) were the most frequently described assessment components, followed by palpation of pertinent structures (11\/18 61%) and assessment of posture (10\/18 56%). \u2018Decompressing the thoracic outlet\u2019 was the main aim encountered for rehabilitation programmes. Exercise (17\/19 90%) was the most frequent rehabilitation intervention identified, with stretching (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 15), strengthening (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 14) and neural mobility (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 7) exercises being most prevalent. The Scalenes and Pectoralis muscles (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 10) were the main targets for stretching whilst the Scapula (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 9), Trapezius and Serratus Anterior muscles (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 5) were the main targets for strengthening exercises. Other interventions identified included, posture improvement (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 13), manual therapy (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 10), adjuncts (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 8) and activity modification (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 7).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The reporting of rehabilitation techniques for NTOS is generally poor, particularly regarding treatment intensity. There is an essential need for a standardised and reproducible rehabilitation intervention for NTOS to be developed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/17589983251411877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T16:26:34Z","timestamp":1770308794000},"page":"169-190","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Physical assessment and rehabilitation for neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS): A scoping review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3438-9822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joel","family":"O\u2019Sullivan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Limb Clinical Specialist Physiotherapist &amp; NIHR DCAF Fellow, School of Allied Health Professions &amp; Pharmacy, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, UK &amp; University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Mindelsohn Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Rushton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3203-506X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcus","family":"Bateman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4866-0847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7201-7552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Stapleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keele University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6246-1409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Keele University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","first-page":"CD007218","article-title":"Treatment for thoracic outlet syndrome","volume":"26","author":"Povlsen B","year":"2014","unstructured":"Povlsen B, Hansson T, Povlsen SD. 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