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Osteitis and hyperostosis are core clinical manifestations in SAPHO syndrome, typically affecting multiple areas and possibly progressing to irreversible osteoarticular damage. Most patients with SAPHO have cutaneous involvement, mainly manifested as palmoplantar pustulosis and severe acne. Systemic manifestations are uncommon but occasionally reported. Epidemiological studies suggest the annual prevalence of SAPHO syndrome varies from 0.00144 in 100,000 in Japanese individuals to fewer than 1 in 10,000 in White individuals. The precise etiopathogenesis of SAPHO remains unclear, but it is generally considered an autoinflammatory syndrome that may be related to various etiologies, such as immune dysfunction, infection and genetic predisposition. Owing to the relapsing\u2013remitting disease course, the goal of management is to improve clinical symptoms and prevent disease progression. Various treatments, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, bisphosphonates, biologics, and antibiotics, are promising options for alleviating the disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720x20912865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]],"date-time":"2020-05-12T03:20:02Z","timestamp":1589253602000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, and osteitis syndrome: review and update"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Shuang","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China"},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 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