{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:44:28Z","timestamp":1777877068580,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shanxi Province Higher Education \u201cBillion Project\u201d Science and Technology Guidance Project","award":["BYJL-024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BYJL-024"]}]},{"name":"Changzhi Basic Research Program","award":["JC202434"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JC202434"]}]},{"name":"Shanxi Provincial Central Leading Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project","award":["YDZJSX20231A059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YDZJSX20231A059"]}]},{"name":"Four \u201cBatches\u201d Innovation Project of Invigorating Medical through Science and Technology of Shanxi Province","award":["2023XM022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023XM022"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cathepsins are pivotal regulators of critical physiological processes implicated in cancer, rheumatic disorders, and inflammatory conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study employed Mendelian randomization (MR) to evaluate causal relationships between cathepsins and ankylosing spondylitis (AS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Single nucleotide polymorphism data of cathepsins were obtained from the INTERVAL study, and AS data were obtained from the FinnGen database. Inverse variance weighting was used as the primary method to assess the causal relationship described above. Cochran\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Q<\/jats:italic>\n                      test, MR Egger intercept test, MR-PRESSO, and leave-one-out method were used to analyze study sensitivity, heterogeneity, and pleiotropy.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the forward MR analysis, inverse variance weighted results indicated that higher cathepsin S might be associated with an increased risk of AS (inverse-variance weighting, odds ratio\u2009=\u20091.08, 95% confidence interval\u2009=\u20091.00\u20131.16,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.047). MR-Egger intercept test and Cochran\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Q<\/jats:italic>\n                      test did not detect significant heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy of instrumental variables. The leave-one-out method confirmed the reliability of causality. The reverse MR analysis found no significant causal relationship between cathepsins and AS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our MR analysis results suggest a potential causal relationship between cathepsin S and AS. Further studies on the pathogenesis of cathepsin-mediated AS may provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of AS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720x251408873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T11:43:01Z","timestamp":1767354181000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The causal relationship between cathepsins and ankylosing spondylitis: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6171-271X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baofeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China"},{"name":"First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ru","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China"},{"name":"First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geriatrics, Changzhi People\u2019s Hospital, Changzhi, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuqing","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China"},{"name":"First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qinhao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China"},{"name":"First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2826-5804","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunfeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-021-00625-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrrheum.2017.56"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.948449"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard-2023-224434"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020476"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.955407"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2022.110531"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.16187"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2013.04.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.092494"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","first-page":"371","article-title":"Investigation of two novel biochemical markers of inflammation, matrix metalloproteinase and cathepsin generated fragments of C-reactive protein, in patients with ankylosing spondylitis","volume":"30","author":"Skj\u00f8t-Arkil H","year":"2012","unstructured":"Skj\u00f8t-Arkil H, Schett G, Zhang C, et al. 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