{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T16:57:01Z","timestamp":1781888221647,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"REGISPONSERBIO was supported by Pfizer"},{"name":"Manuel Ju\u00e1rez Garc\u00eda received a SER-GRESSER\/JANSSEN fellowship, with no involvement from Janssen in the study"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) is an inflammatory disease in which, despite expanding therapeutic options, a substantial proportion of patients do not achieve the desired treatment target, highlighting the emerging concept of difficult-to-manage (D2M) axSpA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify characteristics and predictive factors of D2M axSpA and to develop machine learning models for early identification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Longitudinal observational cohort study with external validation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients with axSpA from the SpA-Paz cohort initiating a first biological or targeted synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (b\/tsDMARD) between 2004 and 2019 were included. D2M was defined as failure of \u2a7e2 b\/tsDMARDs, and very good responders (GR) as retention of the first b\/tsDMARD \u2a7e3\u2009years or discontinuation due to improvement. Baseline clinical data and baseline\/6-month disease activity measures were collected. Factors associated with D2M were assessed using descriptive, comparative, and logistic regression analyses. Classification and Regression Tree (CART) models were developed and externally validated with the REGISPONSERBIO registry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 311 patients initiating b\/tsDMARDs, 101 were included (42 D2M, 59 GR), with a D2M prevalence of 13.5%. D2M patients were more often smokers, Human Leukocyte Antigen B27 (HLA-B27) negative, and had higher rates of enthesitis and comorbidities. Baseline Axial Spondyloarthritis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) did not differ between groups, but after 6\u2009months D2M patients showed higher disease activity (ASDAS 2.8 vs 1.6, BASDAI 5.4 vs 3.3; both\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Multivariable models identified ASDAS, or BASDAI plus C-reactive protein (all at 6\u2009months), as predictors of D2M. CART models achieved areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.70 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.46\u20130.93; ASDAS model) and 0.76 (95% CI 0.55\u20130.97; BASDAI model), with external validation confirming discrimination.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>D2M axSpA affects approximately 1 in 8 patients initiating advanced therapy and is associated with smoking, HLA-B27 negativity, enthesitis, comorbidities, and poor 6-month response to first-line b\/tsDMARDs. CART models using routine clinical data may support early identification.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720x261456162","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T04:44:23Z","timestamp":1781671463000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Early identification of difficult-to-manage axial spondyloarthritis using machine-learning decision trees"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8228-7452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Ju\u00e1rez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid 28046, Spain La Paz Research Institute, Madrid 28046, Spain"},{"name":"Doctoral School, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chamaida","family":"Plasencia-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"La Paz Research Institute, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9119-5330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Benavent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"IDIBELL, L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana","family":"D\u00edaz-Almir\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIMA, Advanced Medical Informatics Lab, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"La Paz Research Institute, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2200-0859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Novella-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"La Paz Research Institute, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Tornero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"La Paz Research Institute, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Peiteado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"La Paz Research Institute, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"Juanola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"IDIBELL, L\u2019Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mireia","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Department, Parc Taul\u00ed Hospital Universitari, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 i Innovaci\u00f3 Parc Taul\u00ed (I3PT-CERCA), Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona Medicine Department, Sabadell, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eugenio de","family":"Miguel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"La Paz Research Institute, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma 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