{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T00:18:41Z","timestamp":1792887521266,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Children's Orthopaedics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify lifestyle-related risk factors for growing pains to advance the clinical prevention and management strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A case\u2013control study was conducted from September 2023 to December 2024, enrolling 290 children clinically diagnosed with growing pains (case group) and 467 age-matched healthy controls. All participants underwent detailed medical history reviews, physical examinations, imaging examination, and laboratory tests. The main data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to both groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results of univariate analysis showed that factors related to growing pains included maternal exposure to smoking environments, child exposure to smoking environments, preference for vegetables, grains, tubers, legumes, and fruits, sports preference, extreme fatigue after exercise, sleeping with parents at night, fear of sleeping alone, sleep latency between 15 and 30\u2009min, sleep latency between 30 and 60\u2009min, and average waking up twice per night (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.050). Multivariate analysis indicated that maternal near-daily exposure to smoking during pregnancy (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.042, odds ratio\u2009=\u20091.926), sleep latency between 30 and 60\u2009min (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001, odds ratio\u2009=\u20093.696), and extreme fatigue after exercise (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.015, odds ratio\u2009=\u200915.554) were independent risk factors for the occurrence of growth pain. On the other hand, legume preference (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.001, odds ratio\u2009=\u20090.442) and sports preference (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009, odds ratio\u2009=\u20090.486) were protective factors against the occurrence of growth pains.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Frequent maternal smoking exposure during pregnancy, prolonged sleep latency (30\u201360\u2009min), and post-exercise exhaustion are independently associated with a higher prevalence of growing pains. And the preference for legumes and participation in sports were associated with a lower prevalence of growing pains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance of Study:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The preference for legumes and participation in sports were associated with a lower prevalence of growing pains.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/18632521251398410","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T11:08:38Z","timestamp":1763636918000},"page":"30-39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Risk factor analysis for growing pains in children: Results of parental survey"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3149-9605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruoyi","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weili","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanjie","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Children\u2019s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2004.04.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","article-title":"An exploration of clinical features and factors associated with pain frequency and pain intensity in children with growing pains: a cross-sectional study from Chongqing, China","volume":"9","author":"Zhang W","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang W, Xu X, Leng H, et al An exploration of clinical features and factors associated with pain frequency and pain intensity in children with growing pains: a cross-sectional study from Chongqing, China. 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