{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T21:37:08Z","timestamp":1777498628385,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Children's Orthopaedics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) develops between the ages of 10 and skeletal maturity and can lead to physical, psychosocial, and medical complications if untreated. Posterior spinal fusion (PSF) is the primary surgical intervention when bracing fails. Although sociodemographic factors affect access to care, surgical candidacy, perioperative risk, and recovery, these variables are rarely reported in randomized controlled trials (RCTs), limiting assessment of equity and generalizability in AIS outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were searched on 9 April 2024, using \u201cposterior spinal fusion,\u201d \u201crandomized controlled trial,\u201d and \u201cadolescent idiopathic scoliosis.\u201d Inclusion criteria were full-text RCTs on PSF in AIS; exclusions were non-English publications, cadaver studies, and technique articles. Two authors independently screened studies, with disagreements resolved by a third. Extracted variables included demographics and social factors. Analyses used descriptive statistics, chi-squared tests, and Fisher\u2019s exact test (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 148 studies, 44 met the inclusion criteria. Age (97.7%) and sex (95.5%) were reported more frequently than race (6.8%) or ethnicity (9.1%) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). No studies reported household income, insurance status, housing, employment, or education. Reporting did not differ by journal (Fisher\u2019s exact test,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.999) or publication year (chi-squared test,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.185), although reporting increased slightly after 2017.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>RCTs on PSF for AIS rarely report sociodemographic variables beyond age and sex. This gap limits understanding of whether outcomes are consistent across populations or if disparities exist in treatment response or recovery. Improved sociodemographic reporting is essential for transparency, external validity, and equity in AIS care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic review of Level II.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/18632521251411158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T11:15:31Z","timestamp":1771499731000},"page":"197-204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sociodemographic variables are rarely reported in randomized controlled trials investigating posterior spinal fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Erin L","family":"Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8303-367X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth T","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bhavesh R","family":"Koppala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8746-5489","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daman P","family":"Dhunna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8208-6850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Kuzma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolas","family":"Baksh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11832-012-0457-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31616\/asj.2018.0096"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60658-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semss.2015.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpsurg.2023.101300"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000002331"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2022.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1519-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31822ef68c"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacr.2023.03.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.10700"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000000294"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-22-00838"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2022.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43390-020-00038-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BSD.0b013e318247f21d"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.brs.0000194771.49774.77"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00024720-200312000-00004"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","article-title":"Postoperative pain in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis surgery: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Canbolat N","year":"2022","unstructured":"Canbolat N, Basaran I, Altun D, et al. 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