{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T01:12:56Z","timestamp":1790557976823,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Children's Orthopaedics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) requires timely, guideline-concordant decisions to prevent long-term morbidity. ChatGPT-5.0 may support clinicians\u2014especially where pediatric orthopedic expertise is limited, but their reliability across typical and discordant presentations is uncertain. This scenario-based validation study evaluated the accuracy of ChatGPT-5.0\u2019s management recommendations for DDH using 30 structured clinical cases and compared these outputs against AAOS (2022) and AAP (2016) guidelines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Scenario-based validation using 30 unique cases: 20 concordant (aligned clinical and imaging findings) spanning Graf and acetabular index-based ages, and 10 mismatch scenarios with correct examinations but intentionally erroneous radiology. The primary outcome was guideline-concordant accuracy, categorized as correct, partially correct, undertreatment, overtreatment, or incorrect. Secondary outcomes included the effect of error-aware prompts and multilingual consistency.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In concordant scenarios, guided ChatGPT achieved 100% correct, while non-logged-in ChatGPT achieved 95% with one overtreatment. In mismatch scenarios, guided ChatGPT frequently tends toward overtreatment and failing to recommend repeat ultrasound or urgent pediatric orthopedic consultation. Non-logged-in ChatGPT performed better in mismatch cases but similarly under-emphasized remeasurement\/consultation. Error-aware prompts did not materially alter recommendations in either environment. Swahili queries produced outputs clinically identical to English responses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ChatGPT-5.0 provides reliable, guideline-concordant guidance for DDH when clinical and radiologic data are concordant, supporting potential use as a decision aid in settings without immediate pediatric orthopedic access. Safe clinical implementation requires human oversight and integration of guideline-based safety checks to prevent mismanagement in ambiguous cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/18632521261419320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,31]],"date-time":"2026-01-31T05:00:17Z","timestamp":1769835617000},"page":"126-133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluating ChatGPT-5.0 in developmental dysplasia of the hip: A scenario-based validation study against AAOS and AAP guidelines"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5175-0600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00fcleyman","family":"Kozlu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, K\u00fctahya Health Sciences University, K\u00fctahya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4536-4070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bar\u0131\u015f","family":"G\u00f6rg\u00fcn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ortopediatri, Academy of Children Orthopaedics, \u0130stanbul, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4333-0582","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u00fcleyman Kaan","family":"\u00d6ner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, K\u00fctahya Health Sciences University, K\u00fctahya, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"804","article-title":"Early diagnosis and treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip","volume":"56","author":"Barlow TG.","year":"1963","unstructured":"Barlow TG. Early diagnosis and treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip. Proc R Soc Med 1963; 56(9): 804\u2013806.","journal-title":"Proc R Soc Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5402\/2011\/238607"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otsr.2020.09.004"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"104","article-title":"Dynamic and static splinting for treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Pavone V","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pavone V, Testa G, Lucenti L, et al. Dynamic and static splinting for treatment of developmental dysplasia of the hip: a systematic review. Children (Basel) 2021; 8(2): 104.","journal-title":"Children (Basel)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Pediatric developmental dysplasia of the hip: detection and nonoperative management clinical practice guideline. 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