{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:20:25Z","timestamp":1792790425507,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Biomarkers"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this research, we explore the application of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for the development of an automated cancer detection system, particularly for MRI images. By leveraging deep learning and image processing techniques, we aim to build a system that can accurately detect and classify tumors in medical images. The system's performance depends on several stages, including image enhancement, segmentation, data augmentation, feature extraction, and classification. Through these stages, CNNs can be effectively trained to detect tumors in MRI images with high accuracy. This automated cancer detection system can assist healthcare professionals in diagnosing cancer more quickly and accurately, improving patient outcomes. The integration of deep learning and image processing in medical diagnostics has the potential to revolutionize healthcare, making it more efficient and accessible.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this paper, we examine the failure of semantic segmentation by predicting the mean intersection over union (mIoU), which is a standard evaluation metric for segmentation tasks. mIoU calculates the overlap between the predicted segmentation map and the ground truth segmentation map, offering a way to evaluate the model's performance. A low mIoU indicates poor segmentation, suggesting that the model has failed to accurately classify parts of the image. To further improve the robustness of the system, we introduce a deep neural network capable of predicting the mIoU of a segmentation map. The key innovation here is the ability to predict the mIoU without needing access to ground truth data during testing. This allows the system to estimate how well the model is performing on a given image and detect potential failure cases early in the process. The proposed method not only predicts the mIoU but also uses the expected mIoU value to detect failure events. For instance, if the predicted mIoU falls below a certain threshold, the system can flag this as a potential failure, prompting further investigation or triggering a safety mechanism in the autonomous vehicle. This mechanism can prevent the vehicle from making decisions based on faulty segmentation, improving safety and performance. Furthermore, the system is designed to handle imbalanced data, which is a common challenge in training deep learning models. In autonomous driving, certain objects, such as pedestrians or cyclists, might appear much less frequently than other objects like vehicles or roads. The imbalance can cause the model to be biased toward the more frequent objects. By leveraging the expected mIoU, the method can effectively balance the influence of different object classes, ensuring that the model does not overlook critical elements in the scene. This approach offers a novel way of not only training the model to be more accurate but also incorporating failure prediction as an additional layer of safety. It is a significant step forward in ensuring that autonomous systems, especially self-driving cars, operate in a safe and reliable manner, minimizing the risk of accidents caused by misinterpretations of visual data. In summary, this research introduces a deep learning model that predicts segmentation performance and detects failure events by using the mIoU metric. By improving both the accuracy of semantic segmentation and the detection of failures, we contribute to the development of more reliable autonomous driving systems. Moreover, the technique can be extended to other domains where segmentation plays a critical role, such as medical imaging or robotics, enhancing their ability to function safely and effectively in complex environments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brain tumor detection from MRI images is a critical task in medical image analysis that can significantly impact patient outcomes. By leveraging a hybrid approach that combines traditional image processing techniques with modern deep learning methods, this research aims to create an automated system that can segment and identify brain tumors with high accuracy and efficiency. Deep learning techniques, particularly CNNs, have proven to be highly effective in medical image analysis due to their ability to learn complex features from raw image data. The use of deep learning for automated brain tumor segmentation provides several benefits, including faster processing times, higher accuracy, and more consistent results compared to traditional manual methods. As a result, this research not only contributes to the development of advanced methods for brain tumor detection but also demonstrates the potential of deep learning in revolutionizing medical image analysis and assisting healthcare professionals in diagnosing and treating brain tumors more effectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In conclusion, this research demonstrates the potential of deep learning techniques, particularly CNNs, in automating the process of brain tumor detection from MRI images. By combining traditional image processing methods with deep learning, we have developed an automated system that can quickly and accurately segment tumors from MRI scans. This system has the potential to assist healthcare professionals in diagnosing and treating brain tumors more efficiently, ultimately improving patient outcomes. As deep learning continues to evolve, we expect these systems to become even more accurate, robust, and widely applicable in clinical settings. The use of deep learning for brain tumor detection represents a significant step forward in medical image analysis, and its integration into clinical workflows could greatly enhance the speed and accuracy of diagnosis, ultimately saving lives. The suggested plan also includes a convolutional neural network-based classification technique to improve accuracy and save computation time. Additionally, the categorization findings manifest as images depicting either a healthy brain or one that is cancerous. CNN, a form of deep learning, employs a number of feed-forward layers. Additionally, it functions using Python. The Image Net database groups the images. The database has already undergone training and preparation. Therefore, we have completed the final training layer. Along with depth, width, and height feature information, CNN also extracts raw pixel values.We then use the Gradient decent-based loss function to achieve a high degree of precision. We can determine the training accuracy, validation accuracy, and validation loss separately. 98.5% of the training is accurate. Similarly, both validation accuracy and validation loss are high.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/18758592241311184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T06:35:57Z","timestamp":1743748557000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Brain tumor segmentation and detection in MRI using convolutional neural networks and VGG16"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Shunmugavel","family":"Ganesh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Study, World College of Engineering, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramalingam","family":"Gomathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Anna University Regional Campus, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suriyan","family":"Kannadhasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics and Communication, Engineering, Study World College of Engineering, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Neural networks for lung cancer detection through radiomic features2019 international joint conference on neural networks (IJCNN)","author":"Brunese L","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brunese L, Mercaldo F, Reginelli A, et al. 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