{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T11:17:42Z","timestamp":1783423062165,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cancer Biomarkers"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The association between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and lung cancer risk remains controversial. Here, we used a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis to test the causal relationship between EBV and lung cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data regarding lung cancer (outcomes) were collected from the Finnish database; the Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) summary-level dataset for EBV was obtained from the Open Forum Infect Dis. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was used as a primary analytical approach; weighted median, MR-Egger, and weighted mode methods were used to ensure the robustness of the data. The MR-Egger regression assessed horizontal pleiotropy, and the MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO) method identified potential outliers. Cochran\u2019s Q test evaluated heterogeneity among instrumental variables (IVs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>IVW analysis indicated several significant causal effects. Genetically elevated levels of EBV ZEBRA and EBNA-1 antibodies increased the risk of SQC (OR=1.26 and OR=1.33, respectively). Increased EBNA-1 antibodies also raised the risk of overall lung cancer and small cell lung cancer. Conversely, higher VCA p18 antibody levels were associated with a decreased risk of lung adenocarcinoma (OR=0.70). Sensitivity analyses suggested these findings were robust, with no significant evidence of horizontal pleiotropy or heterogeneity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data suggests a causal effect between EBV and the progression of lung cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/18758592261463308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T09:34:44Z","timestamp":1783157684000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A causal association between Epstein-Barr virus infection and lung cancer: A two-sample Mendelian Randomization study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Jia","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Hospital of Yan 'an University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8315-4274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Hospital of Yan 'an University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhishang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affiliated Hospital of Yan 'an University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21660"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3775"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.263145.115"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)71180-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2023.115891"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2010.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13050877"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2014.84"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-22-0808"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2009.7"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","first-page":"418","article-title":"Viral colonization in exhaled breath condensate of lung cancer patients: Possible role of EBV and CMV","volume":"12","author":"Giovanna Elisiana C","year":"2016","unstructured":"Giovanna Elisiana C, Donato L, Maria Iole N, et al. 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