{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:49:54Z","timestamp":1777877394838,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune condition causing damage to the protective covering of nerves in the central nervous system. Pediatric multiple sclerosis is a rare form of the disease that affects 3\u20135% of individuals with multiple sclerosis. Pediatric Onset Multiple Sclerosis (POMS) has a rather different clinical profile from the more prevalent adult multiple sclerosis. Alongside the classic symptoms of multiple sclerosis, children tend to present with various atypical symptoms that can impact motor milestones, speech development, and cognitive functions. This review aims to explore the pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis and progression of Pediatric Onset Multiple Sclerosis into adulthood, address the challenges accompanying this transition and identify strategies and therapies to overcome them. Pediatric multiple sclerosis patients transitioning into adulthood face many challenges, such as difficulty in school and social life, and dealing with uncertainties especially due to changes in healthcare providers from pediatric to adult settings. These challenges can be overcome by an emphasis on a well-structured transition plan, early planning, personalized care, proper counselling of the patient as well as the family and caretakers, a multidisciplinary approach with good communication and coordination between all healthcare personnel a robust support network with a gradual transition rather than an abrupt one. Proper care during the transition period is crucial to enhance patient adherence and deepen the understanding of the disease for both patients and their families. This will empower them to seek timely assistance when needed, reduce loss to follow-up, and ultimately improve overall quality of life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/18758894251329690","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]],"date-time":"2025-05-30T10:50:22Z","timestamp":1748602222000},"page":"158-169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transitioning from pediatric to adult multiple sclerosis care: Challenges, strategies and therapy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Shreya Singh","family":"Beniwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lady Hardinge Medical College, Connaught Place, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neetika","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PGIMER, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Sulaiman","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Missouri-Columbia, School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krithi Pichiah","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Kambipura, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kopila","family":"Gyawali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Patan Academy of Health Sciences, Lagankhel, Kathmandu, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela Castro","family":"Calder\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana De Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), Lima, Per\u00fa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2999-9604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prashasti","family":"Dahiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9128-7428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meenakshi Reddy","family":"Yathindra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7282-5559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, DG Khan Medical College, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0523-0791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akash","family":"Rawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Jollygrant, Dehradun, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muaaz","family":"Ather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1955-9116","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayush","family":"Dwivedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Lviv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.7.1006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102260"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-018-1026-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2011.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","article-title":"Narrative review of the literature on adherence to disease-modifying therapies among patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Menzin J","unstructured":"Menzin J, Caon C, Nichols C, et al. Narrative review of the literature on adherence to disease-modifying therapies among patients with multiple sclerosis. J Manag Care Pharm 2013 Jan; 19: S24\u2013S40.","journal-title":"J Manag Care Pharm"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104123"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2015.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","unstructured":"National Multiple Sclerosis Society. MS Prevalence. https:\/\/Www.Nationalmssociety.Org\/about-the-Society\/Who-We-Are\/Research-We-Fund\/Ms-Prevalence. 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.1135"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","unstructured":"MS International Federation. Who gets MS? Https:\/\/Www.Msif.Org\/about-Ms\/Epidemiology-of-Ms\/. 2022 January 14."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2013.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780235"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13819"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.5068"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11092489"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8040071"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(87)80454-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1267155"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30277-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2015.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","article-title":"Patient education for people with multiple sclerosis-associated fatigue: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Wendebourg MJ","unstructured":"Wendebourg MJ, Heesen C, Finlayson M, et al. Patient education for people with multiple sclerosis-associated fatigue: a systematic review. PLoS One 2017 Mar 7; 12: e0173025. PMID: 28267811; PMCID: PMC5340368.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11193-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","article-title":"Rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis: an overview of Cochrane reviews","volume":"1","author":"Amatya B","unstructured":"Amatya B, Khan F, Galea M. Rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis: an overview of Cochrane reviews. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019 Jan 14; 1: CD012732. PMID: 30637728; PMCID: PMC6353175.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/eci.10.12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/PJNNS.a2020.0069"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513484547"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-016-0663-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","unstructured":"International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group-Patients and Families. Diagnosis of Pediatric MS. International Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis Study Group-Patients and Families. n.d. https:\/\/ipmssg.org\/patients\/pediatric-ms\/diagnosis\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40893-017-0022-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.58281"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00393-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children6060075"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11634010-000000000-00000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","article-title":"Use of newer disease-modifying therapies in pediatric multiple sclerosis in the US","volume":"91","author":"Krysko KM","unstructured":"Krysko KM, Graves J, Rensel M, et al. Use of newer disease-modifying therapies in pediatric multiple sclerosis in the US. Neurology 2018 Oct 17; 91: e1778\u2013e1787.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520930620"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","article-title":"Treatment of pediatric multiple sclerosis and variants","volume":"68","author":"Pohl D","unstructured":"Pohl D, Waubant E, Banwell B, et al. Treatment of pediatric multiple sclerosis and variants. Neurology 2007 Apr 16; 68: S54\u2013S65.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children6060073"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11940-011-0141-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","article-title":"Disease modifying therapies for relapsing multiple sclerosis","author":"Wingerchuk DM","unstructured":"Wingerchuk DM, Weinshenker BG. Disease modifying therapies for relapsing multiple sclerosis. Br Med J 2016 Aug 22; 354: i3518.","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7224\/1537-2073.2012-034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","first-page":"13","article-title":"Newer Treatment Approaches in Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Macaron G","unstructured":"Macaron G, Feng J, Moodley M, et al. Newer Treatment Approaches in Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis. Curr Treat Options Neurol 2019 Sep 27; 21: 13\u201314.","journal-title":"Curr Treat Options Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2014.09.088"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-019-00338-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","article-title":"Clinical trials of disease-modifying agents in pediatric MS","volume":"92","author":"Waubant E","unstructured":"Waubant E, Banwell B, Wassmer E, et al. Clinical trials of disease-modifying agents in pediatric MS. Neurology 2019 May 1; 92: e2538.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","first-page":"5","article-title":"Pediatric multiple sclerosis: a review","volume":"18","author":"Alroughani R","unstructured":"Alroughani R, Boyko A. Pediatric multiple sclerosis: a review. BMC Neurol 2018 Mar 9; 18: 5.","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.26858"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1800149"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517732843"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518803785"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518799580"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.1546"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-021-00887-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(18)30026-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2022.104123"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","first-page":"101128","article-title":"Optimizing the multidisciplinary team to enhance care coordination across the continuum for children with medical complexity","volume":"51","author":"Leach KF","year":"2021","unstructured":"Leach KF, Stack NJ, Jones S. Optimizing the multidisciplinary team to enhance care coordination across the continuum for children with medical complexity. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care 2021; 51: 101128.","journal-title":"Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","unstructured":"O'Keefe L. Breaking barriers to improve communication between primary and specialty care. https:\/\/www.aappublications.org\/content\/35\/10\/23. 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","unstructured":"Bryant M Gonzalez C Mullin D et al. Challenges in transition from Pediatric to Adult Focused MS Care for Pediatric Onset MS Patients: Results from a Web Survey. In CMCS 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-022-07888-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsx142"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2333794X17744946"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2013.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2010.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/rehab.7511"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/jtt.2011.101208"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/16.1.69"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_2","article-title":"Effectiveness of telerehabilitation in physical therapy: a rapid overview","volume":"101","author":"Seron P","unstructured":"Seron P, Oliveros MJ, Gutierrez-Arias R, et al. Effectiveness of telerehabilitation in physical therapy: a rapid overview. Phys Ther 2021 Jun 1; 101: pzab053. PMID: 33561280; PMCID: PMC7928601.","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063344"}],"container-title":["Journal of Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/18758894251329690","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/18758894251329690","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/18758894251329690","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:50:13Z","timestamp":1777589413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/18758894251329690"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/18758894251329690"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/18758894251329690","relation":{},"ISSN":["1874-5393","1875-8894"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1874-5393","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8894","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}}}