{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:48:40Z","timestamp":1793296120729,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parkinson's disease (PD) frequently involves dysphagia, yet real-world longitudinal data capturing its progression and response to clinical care remain limited. Most prior studies exclude treated patients or rely solely on subjective or cross-sectional data. This study investigates long-term changes in swallowing physiology and diet in a pragmatic, treated PD population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We retrospectively reviewed patients with PD who underwent at least two videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSS)\u2009\u2265\u20091 year apart at a tertiary laryngology center. Individuals with comorbid neurologic or structural disease were excluded. Standardized metrics included the Dynamic Imaging Grade of Swallowing Toxicity (DIGEST), Penetration Aspiration Scale (PAS), Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS), and International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI), with kinematic analysis of Pharyngeal Constriction Ratio (PCR) and Maximum Pharyngoesophageal Segment Opening (PESmax). Ordinal outcomes were compared using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests; kinematic changes were analyzed with paired\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Nineteen patients (mean age 79.4 years, 73% male) completed 38 VFSS over a mean 2.6-year interval. Despite an average of 9.7 swallow therapy sessions per patient, significant declines were observed in PESmax (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), DIGEST Overall (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.024), Efficiency (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.039), and IDDSI solids (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.041). Subgroup analysis of mild-to-moderate PD (H&amp;Y 1\u20133) showed similar trends.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Swallowing function deteriorates over time in PD, even with treatment. This study highlights the value of instrumental reassessment and supports proactive, longitudinal management in real-world care settings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1877718x261420003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T12:58:47Z","timestamp":1772110727000},"page":"495-503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Longitudinal change in swallow function in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Camryn R","family":"Marshall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF Voice &amp; Swallowing Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3095-8290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"VyVy N","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF Voice &amp; Swallowing Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoe","family":"Weston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF Voice &amp; Swallowing Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah L","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF Voice &amp; Swallowing Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7070-1342","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler W","family":"Crosby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF Voice &amp; Swallowing Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clark A","family":"Rosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF Voice &amp; Swallowing Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Steve D","family":"Stockton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stockton Scientific Services, Glastonbury, Connecticut, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian O","family":"Bledsoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorder and Neuromodulation Center, Department of Neurology, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCSF Voice &amp; Swallowing Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61393-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.157701"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-015-9671-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.2373-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8566584"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3182801cde"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14822"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-024-10672-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2021_JSLHR-21-00216"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-021-10387-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjorl.2014.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-017-9831-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.34079"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00417897"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.11.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-016-9758-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004550010015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00455-009-9258-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lio2.226"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.776847"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30299-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940811701210"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","first-page":"101","volume-title":"Dysphagia assessment and treatment planning: a team approach","author":"Leonard R","year":"2014","unstructured":"Leonard R, Kendall K, McKenzie S. 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