{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T06:29:05Z","timestamp":1793946545892,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788739200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP26dk0207077s0602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP26dk0207077s0602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parkinson's disease (PD) is an \u03b1-synucleinopathy, and pathological \u03b1-synuclein (\u03b1-Syn) is detectable in peripheral tissues and fluids. However, the diagnostic utility of tear fluid as a minimally invasive source for \u03b1-Syn seed detection remains unclear. We aimed to detect \u03b1-Syn seeds in tear fluid and evaluate the clinical characteristics of \u03b1-Syn-positive patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tear fluid was collected bilaterally using Schirmer strips. The \u03b1-Syn seeding amplification assay (\u03b1SynSAA) was performed using the real-time quaking-induced conversion (RT-QuIC) protocol. We analyzed 55 patients with PD and 40 control participants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The \u03b1SynSAA revealed \u03b1- synuclein seeding activity in tear fluid, showing 52.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity. \u03b1Syn SAA-positive patients had higher Movement Disorder Society\u2013Unified Parkinsons Disease Rating Scale part III scores than \u03b1Syn SAA-negative patients. \u03b1-Syn seeding activity was detected in tear fluid from some patients with PD but not in disease controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates the feasibility of \u03b1SynSAA analysis in tear fluid, highlighting its potential as a novel substrate for biomarker development. Further studies in related synucleinopathies and in early or prodromal PD are needed to validate these findings and assess the diagnostic performance of this tear-based assay.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1877718x261486736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T04:22:57Z","timestamp":1788841377000},"page":"1515-1523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Detection of \u03b1-synuclein seeding activity in tear fluid as a candidate biomarker for Parkinson's disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3419-164X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asako","family":"Kakimoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Juntendo University"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Konishi Daiichi Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8007-8710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsuya","family":"Satoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nagasaki University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5651-9790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoko","family":"Tsukahara-Kawamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fukuoka University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6758-0981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshio","family":"Tsuboi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Juntendo University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2017.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.13710"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"16041","article-title":"Pathological \u03b1-synuclein in gastrointestinal tissues of Parkinson\u2019s disease patients: a systematic review","volume":"2","author":"Stokholm MG","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stokholm MG, Danielsen EH, Hamilton-Dutoit SJ, et al. 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