{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:52:18Z","timestamp":1777877538668,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"\n Importance<\/jats:title>\n \n Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly infectious virus that has been reported to be transmitted via aerosolization and other aerosol-generating activities. However, viral plumes from CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n lasers have yet to be investigated.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n \n Evaluate the viability of SARS-CoV-2 in the CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n laser plume in a porcine model for laryngeal surgery.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Experimental studies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Participants<\/jats:title>\n \n Wild-type SARS-CoV-2 (\n Wt<\/jats:italic>\n ), Omicron SARS-CoV-2 (Omicron), and fluorescent SARS-CoV-2 (GFP).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Intervention<\/jats:title>\n \n Three viral strains on porcine larynx exposed to CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n laser setting\u20141.5, 7, and 15\u2009W.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n The laser plume was collected during ablation. Dilutant of the plume was then applied to Vero E6 cells for culture; quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) (in duplicate) and fluoroscopy were used to establish the presence of viable virus.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Wt<\/jats:italic>\n , Omicron, and GFP strains were found to be present on the larynx before and after the application of the laser by qPCR copies (cp) per microliter (\u00b5l). After ablation with 1.5, 7.0, and 15\u2009W with\n Wt<\/jats:italic>\n , the plume samples were shown to be 0, 0, and <10\u2009cp\/\u00b5l, respectively. For GFP, at all intensity levels, the copies were less than 10\u2009cp\/\u00b5l. Omicron did not show any copies at any of the power levels. Cultures did not show the presence of viable\n Wt<\/jats:italic>\n , Omicron, and GFP strains in any of the collected laser plumes.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n \n The CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n laser plume of SARS-CoV-2 aerosolized minimal viral particles. None of the tested experimental conditions demonstrated a viable virus after laryngeal ablation with the CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n laser.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Relevance<\/jats:title>\n \n CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n laser use in the context of virus SARS-CoV-2 suggests minimal transmission risks associated with CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n laser procedures when appropriate safety protocols are followed.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19160216251387624","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T11:00:53Z","timestamp":1761908453000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation for the Presence of SARS-CoV-2 in CO\n 2<\/sub>\n Laser Plume"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3552-4934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Bysice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head & Neck Surgery, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Corey","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head & Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Doron D.","family":"Sommer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anthony","family":"Nichols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head & Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Arts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5825-2759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leigh J.","family":"Sowerby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2013 Head & Neck Surgery, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","article-title":"Letter: precautions for endoscopic transnasal skull base surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"87","author":"Patel ZM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patel ZM, Fernandez-Miranda J, Hwang PH, et al. 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