{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T10:48:53Z","timestamp":1791283733483,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Academic Forensic Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) bear a high burden of disease and, subsequently, high health costs globally. Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, and trichomoniasis contribute to nearly one million infections every day worldwide. Sexually transmitted infections continue to be the most frequently notified condition to the Australian National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System and the numbers continue to increase. Australia has achieved several significant successes in reducing STIs and blood-borne viruses (BBV) including the significant decrease in genital warts in those less than 30 years old since 2007 following the launch of human papillomavirus vaccines in women, the virtual elimination of mother to child transmission of HIV, and the increased uptake of successful hepatitis C treatment following the availability of direct acting antiviral treatment on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>However, several challenges remain, including the ongoing rise of chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and syphilis over the last five years; the emergence of antibiotic resistance; and the increasing disparity in the prevalence of STIs and BBV in men who have sex with men, young people, and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, and challenges in the delivery of services to rural and remote Australia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In this paper, we aim to provide a snapshot of the current landscape and challenges for chlamydia, gonorrhoea, mycoplasma, syphilis and HIV infections in Australia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1925362118821492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]],"date-time":"2018-12-19T04:13:28Z","timestamp":1545192808000},"page":"938-946","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A Review of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Australia \u2013 Considerations in 2018"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Caroline Chun Mei","family":"Thng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1925362118821492","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unemo M, Bradshaw CS, Hocking JS, Sexually transmitted infections: challenges ahead. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017 Aug; 17(8): e235\u2013e279. Figure 1, WHO regional estimates of new cases of four curable sexually transmitted infections; p. e235. PMID: 28701272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30310-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30310-9"},{"key":"bibr2-1925362118821492","unstructured":"National notifiable diseases surveillance system [Internet]. Canberra: Australian Government, Department of Health; c2018. Reports: all diseases by state\/territory; [cited 2018 Aug 15]. Available from: http:\/\/www9.health.gov.au\/cda\/source\/rpt_2.cfm."},{"key":"bibr3-1925362118821492","unstructured":"Kirby Institute. HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia: annual surveillance report 2017 [Internet]. Sydney: Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney; 2017 [cited 2018 Aug 29]. 200 p. 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Available from: https:\/\/kirby.unsw.edu.au\/sites\/default\/files\/kirby\/report\/KirbyInst_Indigenous_ASR2017-compressed.pdf."},{"key":"bibr6-1925362118821492","unstructured":"Third national sexually transmissible infections strategy 2014-2017 [Internet]. Canberra: Australian Government, Department of Health; 2014 [cited 2018 Aug 29]. 39 p. Available from: http:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/internet\/main\/publishing.nsf\/content\/8DB875B386DC5672CA257BF0001E377D\/$File\/STI-Strategy2014-v3.pdf."},{"key":"bibr7-1925362118821492","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanjouw E, Ouburg S, de Vries HJ, 2015 European guideline on the management of chlamydia trachomatis infections. Int J STD AIDS. 2016 Apr; 27(5):333\u201348. PMID: 26608577. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956462415618837.","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462415618837"},{"key":"bibr8-1925362118821492","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng A, Qian Q, Kirby JE. 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Mycoplasma genitalium infection: current treatment options, therapeutic failure, and resistance-associated mutations. Infect Drug Resist. 2015 May 26; 8:147\u201361. PMID: 26060411. PMCID: PMC4454211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/IDR.S48813.","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S48813"},{"key":"bibr22-1925362118821492","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anagrius C, Lore B, Jensen JS. Treatment of mycoplasma genitalium. Observations from a Swedish STD clinic. PLoS One. 2013 Apr 8; 8(4): e61481. PMID: 23593483. PMCID: PMC3620223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0061481.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061481"},{"key":"bibr23-1925362118821492","unstructured":"Bebear C, Dupin N, Bercot B. Should we fear antibiotic resistance for STIs [Internet]. Paper presented at: 9th IAS Conference on HIV Science; 2017 Jul 23-26; Paris, France. Slide 16, Prevalence of macrolide resistance in M. genitalium. 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