{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:36:59Z","timestamp":1777372619949,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Academic Forensic Pathology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"\n Carbon dioxide (CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) therapy is the subcutaneous or transcutaneous administration of CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n for therapeutic purposes. Carbon dioxide therapy is used for localized lipolysis, to treat chronic skin conditions, and is a safe treatment. Full-body CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n baths are offered in European spa centers, in which the clients are placed into full body bags infused with CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n at an optimal concentration range between 1000 and 1400 mg\/L (516 000-722 500 ppm). Commercially manufactured, air-tight bags and accompanying apparatus designed to provide CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n baths can be purchased for home use. Few human CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n -related deaths have been reported. They have been mostly accidental, consisting of persons trapped in a closed environment in the presence of \u201cdry ice\u201d or solid CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n . There have been no reported deaths of a human undergoing a CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n therapy at home. We present a case of a middle-aged male found at home completely inside an air-sealed bag wrapped tightly around his body. The bag was connected to a working pump and a CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n gas tank. The pump was connected through an inflow and outflow circuit to the bag. The inflow tubing for CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n gas delivery was partially disrupted, while the outflow tubing was intact. The autopsy and toxicology were unremarkable. The cause of death was determined to be asphyxia by vitiated atmosphere as evident by the displacement of oxygen by CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and low pressure created inside a \u201cCO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n therapy bath.\u201d The manner of death was accidental.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1925362119851241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]],"date-time":"2019-09-06T07:36:10Z","timestamp":1567755370000},"page":"93-96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Death in a Carbon Dioxide Therapy Bath: A Case Report and Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Julian","family":"Samuel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhanna","family":"Georgievskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1925362119851241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brandi C, D, \u2019Aniello C, Grimaldi L, et al Carbon dioxide therapy in the treatment of localized adiposities: clinical study and histopathological correlations. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2001 May-Jun; 25(3):170\u20134. PMID: 11426306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s002660010116.","DOI":"10.1007\/s002660010116"},{"key":"bibr2-1925362119851241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee GS. Carbon dioxide therapy in the treatment of cellulite: an audit of clinical practice. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2010 Apr; 34(2):239\u201343. PMID: 20111965. PMCID: PMC2847160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00266-009-9459-0.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-009-9459-0"},{"key":"bibr3-1925362119851241","unstructured":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) [Internet]. Atlante: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services; c2019. Immediately dangerous to life and health concentrations (IDLH): carbon dioxide; 1994 May [updated 2004 Dec 4; cited 2018 May 13]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/idlh\/124389.html."},{"key":"bibr4-1925362119851241","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-382165-2.00157-4"},{"key":"bibr5-1925362119851241","unstructured":"National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) [Internet]. Atlante: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services; c2019. Pocket guide to chemical hazards: carbon dioxide; [updated 2016 Apr 11; cited 2018 Sep 20]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/niosh\/npg\/npgd0103.html."},{"key":"bibr6-1925362119851241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunford JV, Lucas J, Vent N, et al. Asphyxiation due to dry ice in a walk-in freezer. J Emerg Med. 2009 May;36(4):353\u20136. PMID: 18814998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jemermed.2008.02.051.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2008.02.051"},{"key":"bibr7-1925362119851241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gill JR, Ely SF, Hua Z. Environmental gas displacement: three accidental deaths in the workplace. Am J Forensic Med Pathol. 2002 Mar; 23(1):26\u201330. PMID: 11953489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00000433-200203000-00005.","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-200203000-00005"},{"key":"bibr8-1925362119851241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kettner M, Ramsthaler F, Juhnke C, et al. A fatal case of CO\n 2\n intoxication in a fermentation tank. J Forensic Sci. 2013 Mar; 58(2):556\u20138. PMID: 23316776. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1556-4029.12058.","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12058"},{"key":"bibr9-1925362119851241","first-page":"1","author":"Fomine FLM","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aus J Disaster Trauma Studies"},{"key":"bibr10-1925362119851241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rupp WR, Thierauf A, Nadjem H, Vogt S. Suicide by carbon dioxide. Forensic Sci Int. 2013 Sep 10; 231(1-3): e30\u20132. PMID: 23791381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.05.013.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.05.013"},{"key":"bibr11-1925362119851241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sautter J, Gapert R, Tsokos M, Oesterhelweg L. Murder-suicide by carbon dioxide (CO\n 2\n ) poisoning: a family case from Berlin, Germany. Forensic Sci Med Pathol. 2014 Mar; 10(1):97\u2013102. PMID: 24114436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-013-9495-6.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-013-9495-6"},{"key":"bibr12-1925362119851241","unstructured":"International Code Council [Internet]. Washington: International Code Council, Inc.; c2019. 2018 International fire code: chapter 53, compressed gases; [updated 2017 Aug 31; cited 2019 Mar 4]. Available from: https:\/\/codes.iccsafe.org\/content\/IFC2018\/CHAPTER-53-COMPRESSED-GASES?site_type=public."}],"container-title":["Academic Forensic Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1925362119851241","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1925362119851241","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1925362119851241","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T08:53:30Z","timestamp":1777366410000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1925362119851241"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1925362119851241"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1925362119851241","relation":{},"ISSN":["1925-3621","1925-3621"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1925-3621","type":"print"},{"value":"1925-3621","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]}}}