{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:27:00Z","timestamp":1787164020755,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Academic Forensic Pathology"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Drowning remains a diagnosis of exclusion in forensic pathology due to a lack of sensitivity and specificity in currently identified drowning signs. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic value of combined lung weight (LW) and lung-to-body ratio (LBR\u2009=\u2009LW\/body weight\u2009\u00d7\u20091000) in differentiating drowning deaths from nondrowning deaths.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective case\u2013control study was conducted using autopsy records from the Peoria County Coroner's Office (2011\u20132025), including 96 freshwater drowning cases and 99 age- and sex-matched nondrowning controls. Deidentified variables analyzed included LW, LBR, age, sex, body weight, degree of decomposition, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) status and toxicology results (the presence or absence of drugs). Statistical analyses compared variables between cases and controls and evaluated the effects of covariates on LW and LBR within groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both LW and LBR were significantly higher in drowning cases than in controls (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Subgroup analyses demonstrated that LBR was influenced by age but not by sex, CPR status, decomposition category, or the presence of drugs (within cases). LW, on the other hand, was affected by sex and age in controls, and by decomposition category, CPR status, and drug presence in drowning cases.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While both LW and LBR appear to be significantly elevated in drowning deaths, LBR may serve as a more reliable metric than LW when assessing the likelihood of drowning, as it is less affected by confounding factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19253621261477481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T13:35:59Z","timestamp":1786973759000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lung-to-Body Weight Ratio as a Supplemental Predictor of the Fresh Water Drowning Diagnosis at Autopsy"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7001-0314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kara","family":"Proctor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Illinois"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-1180-0731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda J.","family":"Youmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Illinois"},{"name":"Peoria County Coroner's Office, Peoria, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","volume-title":"Global Report on Drowning: Preventing a Leading Killer","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global Report on Drowning: Preventing a Leading Killer. World Health Organization; 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Drowning [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024 [cited 2025 Oct 8]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/drowning"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Drowning Data [Internet]. Atlanta GA: CDC; 2023 [cited 2023 Jul 12]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drowning\/data\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23907\/2018.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-020-02469-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0379-0738(03)00332-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAF.0000000000000402"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.70107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0379-0738(91)90099-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-198512000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2025.112376"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1925362119851115"}],"container-title":["Academic Forensic Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19253621261477481","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/19253621261477481","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19253621261477481","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T17:46:39Z","timestamp":1787161599000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/19253621261477481"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"references-count":12,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/19253621261477481"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19253621261477481","relation":{},"ISSN":["1925-3621","1925-3621"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1925-3621","type":"print"},{"value":"1925-3621","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"article-number":"19253621261477481"}}