{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T21:46:40Z","timestamp":1792964800340,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,7,1]],"date-time":"2012-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1341100800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Diabetes Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Safe and effective closed-loop control (artificial pancreas) is the ultimate goal of insulin delivery. In this study, we examined the performance of a closed-loop control algorithm used for the overnight time period to safely achieve a narrow target range of blood glucose (BG) concentrations prior to breakfast. The primary goal was to compare the quality of algorithm control during repeated overnight experiments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-three subjects with type 1 diabetes performed 2 overnight experiments on each of three visits at the study site, resulting in 138 overnight experiments. On the first evening, the subject's insulin therapy was applied; on the second, the insulin was delivered by an algorithm based on subcutaneous continuous glucose measurements (including meal control) until midnight. Overnight closed-loop control was applied between midnight and 6 a.m. based on hourly venous BG measurements during the first and second nights.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The number of BG values within the target range (90\u2013150 mg\/dl) increased from 52.9% (219 out of 414 measurements) during the first nights to 72.2% (299 out of 414 measurements) during the second nights ( p &lt; .001, X\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      -test). The occurrence of hypoglycemia interventions was reduced from 14 oral glucose interventions, the latest occurring at 2:36 a.m. during the first nights, to 1 intervention occurring at 1:02 a.m. during the second nights ( p &lt; .001, X\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      -test).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overnight controller performance improved when optimized initial control was given; this was suggested by the better metabolic control during the second night. Adequate controller run-in time seems to be important for achieving good overnight control. In addition, the findings demonstrate that hourly BG data are sufficient for the closed-loop control algorithm tested to achieve appropriate glycemic control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681200600422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,10]],"date-time":"2014-01-10T10:35:52Z","timestamp":1389350152000},"page":"902-909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Feasibility of Overnight Closed-Loop Control Based on Hourly Blood Glucose Measurements"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Caroline","family":"Patte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Roche Diabetes Care, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Pleus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Diabetes-Technologie GmbH, Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Galley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roche Diagnostics Operations Inc., Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Weinert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Roche Diagnostics Operations Inc., Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, Indiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cornelia","family":"Haug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Diabetes-Technologie GmbH, Ulm, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Freckmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Diabetes-Technologie GmbH, Ulm, 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