{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T13:23:17Z","timestamp":1777555397787,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]],"date-time":"2013-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1367366400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Diabetes Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Increased glycemic variability is associated with an increase risk of adverse clinical outcomes in diabetes. Central to the understanding of diabetes is glucose homeostasis. \u201cGood\u201d homeostasis is equated to low glycemic variability, and \u201cpoor\u201d homeostasis is linked to greater glycemic variability. We have, therefore, developed a method with the aim to objectively quantify the domain of glucose-insulin homeostasis. We have termed this method as Observed Variability And Lability (OVAL).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blood samples for the measurement of glucose and insulin concentrations were acquired every 2 min for 120 min from 12 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM; median (range) age 35 (25\u201347) years and duration of diabetes 7 (2\u20139) years receiving oral hypoglycemic treatment] and 27 controls [aged 38(30\u201353) years] with an equal split of genders and equal distribution of body mass indexes. The insulin-glucose time variant data form the boundaries of OVAL, defined as the ellipse enclosing the 95% confidence intervals of the insulin and glucose concentrations plotted on an x-y scatter graph and normalized to ensure equal weighting of insulin and glucose.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Less precise OVAL homeostasis was observed in subjects with T2DM, by a factor of 4, in comparison with controls [OVAL, T2DM 7.8(3.8) versus controls 1.9(1.0); p = .0003]. The assessment remained statistically robust ( p &lt; .001) with increased sampling intervals up to 8 min.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The OVAL model is a robust method for measuring glucose-insulin homeostasis in controls and T2DM subjects (available online at http:\/\/www.oval-calc.co.uk ). Deranged glucose-insulin homeostasis is the hallmark of diabetes and OVAL has the capacity to quantify in the fasting state.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681300700308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,10]],"date-time":"2014-01-10T10:36:05Z","timestamp":1389350165000},"page":"640-645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Methodology for Quantifying Fasting Glucose Homeostasis in Type 2 Diabetes: Observed Variability and Lability"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Nathan R.","family":"Hill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Apostolos","family":"Tsapas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Medical Department, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Hindmarsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Children and Young People's Diabetes Service, University College London Hospitals, University College London, London, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David R.","family":"Matthews","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, National Institute for Health Research Oxford Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-193229681300700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b11153"},{"key":"bibr2-193229681300700308","volume-title":"Textbook of diabetes","author":"Pickup JC","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr3-193229681300700308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bernard C. Le\u00e7ons de physiologie exp\u00e9rimentale appliqu\u00e9e \u00e0 la m\u00e9decine faites au Coll\u00e8ge de France. Baill\u00e8re et Fils; 1855, 296\u2013313.","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.1818"},{"key":"bibr4-193229681300700308","first-page":"91","volume-title":"A Charles Richet: Ses amis, ses coll\u00e8gues, ses \u00e9l\u00e8ves","author":"Cannon WB","year":"1926"},{"key":"bibr5-193229681300700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00745134"},{"key":"bibr6-193229681300700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.6.1487"},{"key":"bibr7-193229681300700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra002168"},{"key":"bibr8-193229681300700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00282705"},{"key":"bibr9-193229681300700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01656.x"},{"key":"bibr10-193229681300700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0141-7"},{"key":"bibr11-193229681300700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.478"},{"key":"bibr12-193229681300700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-2647(99)00007-6"},{"key":"bibr13-193229681300700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2002.00662.x"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr14-193229681300700308","first-page":"E667","volume":"236","author":"Bergman RN","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Physiol."},{"key":"bibr15-193229681300700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(91)90065-5"},{"key":"bibr16-193229681300700308","volume-title":"Chaos: Making a new science","author":"Gleick J","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr17-193229681300700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.30.5.435"},{"key":"bibr18-193229681300700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.31.1.22"},{"key":"bibr19-193229681300700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113339"},{"key":"bibr20-193229681300700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113338"},{"key":"bibr21-193229681300700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00280883"},{"key":"bibr22-193229681300700308","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0607"}],"container-title":["Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/193229681300700308","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/193229681300700308","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T18:10:06Z","timestamp":1777399806000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/193229681300700308"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/193229681300700308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/193229681300700308","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-2968","1932-2968"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-2968","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-2968","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5]]}}}