{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T17:04:34Z","timestamp":1781715874056,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,12]],"date-time":"2014-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1410480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Diabetes Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We have previously tested, in a laboratory setting, a novel algorithm that enables prediction of hypoglycemia. The algorithm integrates information of autonomic modulation, based on heart rate variability (HRV), and data based on a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) device. Now, we investigate whether the algorithm is suitable for prediction of hypoglycemia and for improvement of hypoglycemic detection during normal daily activities.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-one adults (13 men) with T1D prone to hypoglycemia were recruited and monitored with CGM and a Holter device while they performed normal daily activities. We used our developed algorithm (a pattern classification method) to predict spontaneous hypoglycemia based on CGM and HRV. We compared 3 different models; (i) a model containing raw data from the CGM device; (ii) a CGM* model containing data derived from the CGM device signal; and (iii) a CGM+HRV model-combining model (ii) with HRV data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 12 hypoglycemic events (glucose levels &lt; 3.9 mmol\/L, 70 mg\/dL) and 237 euglycemic measurements were included. For a 20-minute prediction, model (i) resulted in a ROC AUC of 0.69. If a high sensitivity of 100% was chosen, the corresponding specificity was 69%. (ii) The CGM* model yielded a ROC AUC of 0.92 with a corresponding sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 71%. (iii) The CGM+HRV model yielded a ROC AUC of 0.96 with a corresponding sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 91%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Data shows that adding information of autonomic modulation to CGM measurements enables prediction and improves the detection of hypoglycemia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296814549830","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,13]],"date-time":"2014-09-13T01:52:36Z","timestamp":1410573156000},"page":"132-137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Combining Information of Autonomic Modulation and CGM Measurements Enables Prediction and Improves Detection of Spontaneous Hypoglycemic Events"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Simon Lebech","family":"Cichosz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Frystyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lise","family":"Tarnow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Nordsjaellands Hospitaler Hilleroed, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesper","family":"Fleischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.6.1902"},{"key":"bibr2-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157339909789804387"},{"key":"bibr6-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-2029"},{"key":"bibr7-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2013.0069"},{"key":"bibr8-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681000400105"},{"key":"bibr9-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680700100505"},{"key":"bibr10-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/193229680700100126"},{"key":"bibr11-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-2120"},{"key":"bibr12-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681200600526"},{"key":"bibr13-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014868"},{"key":"bibr14-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296814528838"},{"key":"bibr15-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmpt.2007.04.001"},{"key":"bibr16-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2003.09.065"},{"key":"bibr17-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2012.0199"},{"key":"bibr18-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-010-1802-0"},{"key":"bibr20-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.5.1245"},{"key":"bibr21-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2014.03.007"},{"key":"bibr22-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2004.6.559"},{"key":"bibr23-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2012.0285"},{"key":"bibr24-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2008.0065"},{"key":"bibr25-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681000400104"},{"key":"bibr26-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0070"},{"key":"bibr27-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2009.11.014"},{"key":"bibr28-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2013.0004"},{"key":"bibr29-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/152091504773731285"},{"key":"bibr32-1932296814549830","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2010.0223"}],"container-title":["Journal 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