{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T13:33:29Z","timestamp":1777556009933,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]],"date-time":"2018-01-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1515542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Diabetes Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increasing popularity of wearable technology necessitates the evaluation of their accuracy to differentiate physical activity (PA) intensities. These devices may play an integral role in customizing PA interventions for primary prevention and secondary management of chronic diseases. For example, in persons with type 1 diabetes (T1D), PA greatly affects glucose concentrations depending on the intensity, mode (ie, aerobic, anaerobic, mixed), and duration. This variability in glucose responses underscores the importance of implementing dependable wearable technology in emerging avenues such as artificial pancreas systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants completed three 40-minute, dynamic non-steady-state exercise sessions, while outfitted with multiple research (Fitmate, Metria, Bioharness) and consumer (Garmin, Fitbit) grade wearables. The data were extracted according to the devices\u2019 maximum sensitivity (eg, breath by breath, beat to beat, or minute time stamps) and averaged into minute-by-minute data. The variables of interest, heart rate (HR), breathing frequency, and energy expenditure (EE), were compared to validated criterion measures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Compared to deriving EE by laboratory indirect calorimetry standard, the Metria activity patch overestimates EE during light-to-moderate PA intensities (L-MI) and moderate-to-vigorous PA intensities (M-VI) (mean \u00b1 SD) (0.28 \u00b1 1.62 kilocalories\u00b7 minute\n                      <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                      , P &lt; .001, 0.64 \u00b1 1.65 kilocalories\u00b7 minute\n                      <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                      , P &lt; .001, respectively). The Metria underestimates EE during vigorous-to-maximal PA intensity (V-MI) (\u20131.78 \u00b1 2.77 kilocalories \u00b7 minute\n                      <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                      , P &lt; .001). Similarly, compared to Polar HR monitor, the Bioharness underestimates HR at L-MI (\u20131 \u00b1 8 bpm, P &lt; .001) and M-VI (5 \u00b1 11 bpm, P &lt; .001), respectively. A significant difference in EE was observed for the Garmin device, compared to the Fitmate ( P &lt; .001) during continuous L-MI activity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, our study demonstrates that current research-grade wearable technologies operate within a ~10% error for both HR and EE during a wide range of dynamic exercise intensities. This level of accuracy for emerging research-grade instruments is considered both clinically and practically acceptable for research-based or consumer use. In conclusion, research-grade wearable technology that uses EE kilocalories \u00b7 minute\n                      <jats:sup>-1<\/jats:sup>\n                      and HR reliably differentiates PA intensities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296817750401","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,12]],"date-time":"2018-01-12T02:10:46Z","timestamp":1515723046000},"page":"569-576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["A Pilot Study Validating Select Research-Grade and Consumer-Based Wearables Throughout a Range of Dynamic Exercise Intensities in Persons With and Without Type 1 Diabetes: A Novel Approach"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Loren","family":"Yavelberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dessi","family":"Zaharieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1607-9943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Cinar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Riddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Jamnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Faculty of Health, Physical Activity and Chronic Disease Unit, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1932296817750401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(53)91495-0"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr2-1932296817750401","first-page":"245","volume":"10","author":"Morris JN","year":"1953","journal-title":"Br J Ind Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr3-1932296817750401","first-page":"12","volume":"108","author":"Paffenbarger RS","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"bibr4-1932296817750401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197503132921101"},{"key":"bibr5-1932296817750401","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Exercise, Fitness, and Health: A Consensus of Current Knowledge: Proceedings of the International Conference on Exercise, Fitness and Health","author":"Bouchard C","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr6-1932296817750401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199401000-00024"},{"key":"bibr7-1932296817750401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200106001-00003"},{"key":"bibr8-1932296817750401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001284"},{"key":"bibr9-1932296817750401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm7020003"},{"key":"bibr10-1932296817750401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03091902.2016.1271046"},{"key":"bibr11-1932296817750401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296815609370"},{"key":"bibr12-1932296817750401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296815609369"},{"key":"bibr13-1932296817750401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2017.0191"},{"key":"bibr14-1932296817750401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.12.1440"},{"key":"bibr15-1932296817750401","volume-title":"Physical Activity and Lifestyle \u201cR\u201d Medicine: A Health-Related Physical Activity, Physical plus Physiological Fitness and Lifestyle","author":"Jamnik V","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr16-1932296817750401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30014-1"},{"key":"bibr17-1932296817750401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005082-200304000-00007"},{"key":"bibr18-1932296817750401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-3373"},{"key":"bibr19-1932296817750401","volume-title":"The Practical Guide to the Identification, Evaluation and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults","author":"National Institutes of Health","year":"2000"},{"issue":"9","key":"bibr20-1932296817750401","first-page":"1116","volume":"29","author":"Gledhill N","year":"1994","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr21-1932296817750401","first-page":"1292","volume":"14","author":"Howley ET","year":"1995","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"key":"bibr22-1932296817750401","volume-title":"Respiratory Care: Principles and Practice","author":"Hess D.","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr23-1932296817750401","first-page":"23","volume":"16","author":"P\u00e9ronnet F","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can J Sport Sci"},{"key":"bibr24-1932296817750401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000287"},{"key":"bibr25-1932296817750401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171720"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr26-1932296817750401","first-page":"365","volume":"55","author":"Jacobs I","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol"},{"key":"bibr27-1932296817750401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198606000-00015"},{"key":"bibr28-1932296817750401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198205000-00012"},{"key":"bibr29-1932296817750401","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2016.0399"}],"container-title":["Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1932296817750401","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1932296817750401","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1932296817750401","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T18:12:59Z","timestamp":1777399979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1932296817750401"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1932296817750401"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1932296817750401","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-2968","1932-2968"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-2968","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-2968","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,10]]}}}