{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T14:29:34Z","timestamp":1789655374806,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]],"date-time":"2020-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578268800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Diabetes Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Precision medicine refers to the tailoring of medical treatment for an individual based on large amounts of biologic and extrinsic data. The fast advancing fields of molecular biology, gene sequencing, machine learning, and other technologies enable precision medicine to utilize this detailed information to enhance clinical management decision-making for an individual in the real time of the disease course. Traditional clinical decision making is based on reacting to a relatively limited number of phenotypes that are determined by history, physical examination, and conventional lab tests. Precision medicine depends on highly detailed profiling of the patient\u2019s genetic, morphologic, and metabolic makeup. The precision medicine approach can be applied to individuals with diabetes to select treatments most likely to offer benefit and least likely to cause side effects, offering prospects of improved clinical outcomes and economic costs savings over current empiric practices. As genetic, metabolomic, immunologic, and other sophisticated testing becomes less expensive and more widespread in the medical record, it is expected that precision medicine will become increasingly applied to diabetes care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296819894295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]],"date-time":"2020-01-06T08:20:08Z","timestamp":1578298808000},"page":"1122-1128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["The Need for Precision Medicine to be Applied to Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"David C.","family":"Klonoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, San Mateo, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose C.","family":"Florez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Unit and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"German","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA"},{"name":"Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA"},{"name":"Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Fleming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kinexum, Harpers Ferry, WV, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296814563643"},{"key":"bibr2-1932296819894295","volume-title":"Toward Precision Medicine: Building a Knowledge Network for Biomedical Research and a New Taxonomy of Disease","author":"National Research Council","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr3-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-017-1215-1"},{"key":"bibr4-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-1864-9"},{"key":"bibr5-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2018.02.005"},{"key":"bibr6-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcph.765"},{"key":"bibr7-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41698-018-0075-9"},{"key":"bibr8-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-S002"},{"key":"bibr9-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3789-z"},{"key":"bibr10-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4226-2"},{"key":"bibr11-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcvp\/pvz062."},{"key":"bibr12-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(18)30051-2"},{"key":"bibr13-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30187-1"},{"key":"bibr14-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30087-7"},{"key":"bibr15-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3109"},{"key":"bibr16-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63233-3.00006-3"},{"key":"bibr17-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002654"},{"key":"bibr18-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0084-1"},{"key":"bibr19-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aad3744"},{"key":"bibr20-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1638"},{"key":"bibr21-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4759-z"},{"key":"bibr22-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104837"},{"key":"bibr23-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23266"},{"key":"bibr24-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi17-0045"},{"key":"bibr25-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.2005143"},{"key":"bibr26-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2017.09.005"},{"key":"bibr27-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4867-4"},{"key":"bibr28-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2211"},{"key":"bibr29-1932296819894295","first-page":"342","author":"Dudley JT","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pac Symp Biocomput"},{"key":"bibr30-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.112.002477"},{"key":"bibr31-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17446651.2017.1316192"},{"key":"bibr32-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax4588"},{"key":"bibr33-1932296819894295","volume-title":"Diabetes Care","volume":"42","author":"American Diabetes A. 9","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr34-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/CS-2017-0153."},{"key":"bibr35-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-019-0879-0"},{"key":"bibr36-1932296819894295","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0391-1"},{"key":"bibr37-1932296819894295","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. Precision medicine in diabetes initiative. Available at: https:\/\/professional.diabetes.org\/content-page\/precision-medicine. Accessed May 7, 2019."}],"container-title":["Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1932296819894295","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1932296819894295","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1932296819894295","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T18:14:24Z","timestamp":1777400064000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1932296819894295"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1932296819894295"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1932296819894295","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-2968","1932-2968"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-2968","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-2968","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,6]]}}}