{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T13:44:07Z","timestamp":1777556647394,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]],"date-time":"2021-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Diabetes Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare healthcare utilization, costs, and incidence of diabetes-specific adverse events (ie, hyperglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and hypoglycemia) in type 1 diabetes adult patients using real-time continuous glucose monitoring (rtCGM) versus traditional blood glucose monitoring (BG).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adult patients (\u226518\u2009years old) with type 1 diabetes in a large national administrative claims database between 2013 and 2015 were identified. rtCGM patients with 6-month continuous health plan enrollment and \u22651 pharmacy claim for insulin during pre-index and post-index periods were propensity-score matched with BG patients. Healthcare utilization associated with diabetic adverse events were examined. A difference-in-difference (DID) method was used to compare the change in costs between rtCGM and BG cohorts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six-month medical costs for rtCGM patients ( N\u2009=\u2009153) increased from pre- to post-index period, while they decreased for matched BG patients ( N\u2009=\u2009153). DID analysis indicated a $2,807 ( P\u2009=\u2009.062) higher post-index difference in total medical costs for rtCGM patients. Pharmacy costs for both cohorts increased. DID analysis indicated a $1,775 ( P\u2009&lt;\u2009.001) higher post-index difference in pharmacy costs for rtCGM patients. The incidence of hyperglycemia for both cohorts increased minimally from pre- to post-index period. The incidence of hypoglycemia for rtCGM patients decreased, while it increased marginally for BG patients. Inpatient hospitalizations for rtCGM and BG patients increased and decreased marginally, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>rtCGM users had non-significantly higher pre-post differences in medical costs but significantly higher pre-post differences in pharmacy costs (mostly due to the rtCGM costs themselves) compared to BG users. Changes in adverse events were minimal.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968211031519","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,14]],"date-time":"2021-08-14T01:59:00Z","timestamp":1628906340000},"page":"1393-1400","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Healthcare Utilization, Costs, and Adverse Events of Real-Time Continuous Glucose Monitoring versus Traditional Blood Glucose Monitoring Among US Adults with Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2258-7925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin","family":"Wong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4358-8177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yalin","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9907-7670","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen L.","family":"Rascati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas at Austin College of Pharmacy, Austin, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-19322968211031519","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/ds18-0093"},{"key":"bibr2-19322968211031519","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2017.0096"},{"key":"bibr3-19322968211031519","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296817693253"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr4-19322968211031519","first-page":"14","volume":"61","author":"Cedeno A","year":"2021","journal-title":"Consultant"},{"key":"bibr5-19322968211031519","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.19975"},{"key":"bibr6-19322968211031519","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-1610"},{"key":"bibr7-19322968211031519","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dci19-0054"},{"key":"bibr8-19322968211031519","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6940"},{"key":"bibr9-19322968211031519","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-0133"},{"key":"bibr10-19322968211031519","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.6928"},{"key":"bibr11-19322968211031519","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296817704445"},{"key":"bibr12-19322968211031519","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805017"},{"key":"bibr13-19322968211031519","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-2042"},{"key":"bibr14-19322968211031519","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-7547-9-13"},{"key":"bibr15-19322968211031519","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13643-020-01373-y"},{"key":"bibr16-19322968211031519","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1821"},{"key":"bibr17-19322968211031519","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X18803109"},{"key":"bibr18-19322968211031519","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296818777265"},{"key":"bibr19-19322968211031519","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13696998.2017.1390474"},{"key":"bibr20-19322968211031519","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000182534.19832.83"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr21-19322968211031519","first-page":"15","volume":"14","author":"Young BA","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"bibr22-19322968211031519","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6823-8-4"},{"key":"bibr23-19322968211031519","unstructured":"Warton E, Parker M, Karter A. How did you do that? Basic difference-in-differences models in SAS\u00ae. Available from https:\/\/www.lexjansen.com\/wuss\/2016\/49_Final_Paper_PDF.pdf. 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