{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T11:53:27Z","timestamp":1779882807310,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Diabetes Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) technology has been recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN). The treatment involves surgical implantation of electrodes and a power source that delivers electrical current to the spinal cord. This treatment decreases the perception of pain in many chronic pain conditions, such as PDN. The number of patients with PDN treated with SCS and the amount of data describing their outcomes is expected to increase given four factors: (1) the large number of patients with this diagnosis, (2) the poor results that have been obtained for pain relief with pharmacotherapy and noninvasive non-pharmacotherapy, (3) the results to date with investigational SCS technology, and (4) the recent FDA approval of systems that deliver this treatment. Whereas traditional SCS replaces pain with paresthesias, a new form of SCS, called high-frequency 10-kHz SCS, first used for pain in 2015, can relieve PDN pain without causing paresthesias, although not all patients experience pain relief by SCS. This article describes (1) an overview of SCS technology, (2) the use of SCS for diseases other than diabetes, (3) the use of SCS for PDN, (4) a comparison of high-frequency 10-kHz and traditional SCS for PDN, (5) other SCS technology for PDN, (6) deployment of SCS systems, (7) barriers to the use of SCS for PDN, (8) risks of SCS technology, (9) current recommendations for using SCS for PDN, and (10) future developments in SCS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968221133795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T05:21:58Z","timestamp":1668662518000},"page":"168-192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Spinal Cord Stimulation for Painful Diabetic Neuropathy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5592-453X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea M.","family":"Yeung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3119-9361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingtong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9102-6537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin T.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9353-8819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole Y.","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6347-8878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo T.","family":"Hughes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Balance Health, San Francisco, CA, USA"},{"name":"Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, Burlingame, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4085-2825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brajesh K.","family":"Agrawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Palo Alto Foundation Medical Group, Burlingame, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3749-3403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niels","family":"Ejskjaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center North Denmark and Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6394-6862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David C.","family":"Klonoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA"},{"name":"Diabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, San Mateo, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-19322968221133795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.02.005"},{"key":"bibr2-19322968221133795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-022-01035-9"},{"key":"bibr3-19322968221133795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9050573"},{"key":"bibr4-19322968221133795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1108"},{"key":"bibr5-19322968221133795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-4007-y"},{"key":"bibr6-19322968221133795","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5505\/agri.2018.45477"},{"key":"bibr7-19322968221133795","unstructured":"Nevro announces FDA approval of its 10 kHz high frequency spinal cord stimulation therapy for treatment of chronic pain associated with Painful Diabetic Neuropathy (PDN). Nevro. https:\/\/nevro.com\/English\/us\/investors\/investor-news\/investor-news-details\/2021\/Nevro-Announces-FDA-Approval-of-its-10-kHz-High-Frequency-Spinal-Cord-Stimulation-Therapy-for-Treatment-of-Chronic-Pain-Associated-with-Painful-Diabetic-Neuropathy-PDN\/default.aspx. Published July 19, 2021."},{"key":"bibr8-19322968221133795","unstructured":"Medtronic announces FDA approval of spinal cord stimulation therapy for treating chronic pain resulting from diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Medtronic. https:\/\/news.medtronic.com\/2022-01-24-Medtronic-announces-FDA-approval-of-spinal-cord-stimulation-therapy-for-treating-chronic-pain-resulting-from-diabetic-peripheral-neuropathy#:~:text=Medtronic%20announces%20FDA%20approval%20of,peripheral%20neuropathy%20%2D%20Jan%2024%2C%202022. Published January 24, 2022."},{"key":"bibr9-19322968221133795","unstructured":"About neuromodulation. International Neuromodulation Society. https:\/\/www.neuromodulation.com\/about-neuromodulation. 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