{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T00:22:02Z","timestamp":1792887722884,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RO1 DK 133148"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RO1 DK 133148"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Commission Horizon 2020","award":["FORGETDIABETES-FET-EU951933"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FORGETDIABETES-FET-EU951933"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Diabetes Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Arguably, diabetes mellitus is one of the best quantified human conditions. In the past 50 years, the metabolic monitoring technologies progressed from occasional assessment of average glycemia via HbA\n                    <jats:sub>1c<\/jats:sub>\n                    , through episodic blood glucose readings, to continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) producing data points every few minutes. The high-temporal resolution of CGM data enabled increasingly intensive treatments, from decision support assisting insulin injection or oral medication, to automated closed-loop control, known as the \u201cartificial pancreas.\u201d Throughout this progress, mathematical models and computer simulation of the human metabolic system became indispensable for the technological progress of diabetes treatment, enabling every step, from assessment of insulin sensitivity via the now classic Minimal Model of Glucose Kinetics, to in silico trials replacing animal experiments, to automated insulin delivery algorithms. In this review, we follow these developments, beginning with the Minimal Model, which evolved through the years to become large and comprehensive and trigger a paradigm change in the design of diabetes optimization strategies: in 2007, we introduced a sophisticated model of glucose-insulin dynamics and a computer simulator equipped with a \u201cpopulation\u201d of N = 300 in silico \u201csubjects\u201d with type 1 diabetes. In January 2008, in an unprecedented decision, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) accepted this simulator as a substitute to animal trials for the pre-clinical testing of insulin treatment strategies. This opened the field for rapid and cost-effective development and pre-clinical testing of new treatment approaches, which continues today. Meanwhile, animal experiments for the purpose of designing new insulin treatment algorithms have been abandoned.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968231195081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]],"date-time":"2023-09-25T03:00:45Z","timestamp":1695610845000},"page":"1493-1505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Developing the UVA\/Padova Type 1 Diabetes Simulator: Modeling, Validation, Refinements, and Utility"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0169-6682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Cobelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Padova, Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0495-3901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boris","family":"Kovatchev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Diabetes Technology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","article-title":"Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus","volume":"27","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2004","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. 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