{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T22:01:56Z","timestamp":1791669716733,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760400000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009881","name":"Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009881","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Diabetes Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Type 1 diabetes is treated with exogenous insulin using multiple daily injections or insulin pumps. However, both strategies require carbohydrate counting for prandial insulin dosing, which is both burdensome and error prone.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a pilot, randomized, controlled study to eliminate carbohydrate counting in adults (n = 12, 7 females, age 39.5 [15.1], HbA1c 7.4% [0.6]) using an automated insulin and pramlintide fully closed-loop system. The interventions included five arms during which participants underwent 14 hours of outpatient, free-living, supervised experiments of (1) faster aspart with carbohydrate counting (control), faster aspart and pramlintide without carbohydrate counting at (2) 8 \u00b5g\/U and (3) 10 \u00b5g\/U ratios, and aspart and pramlintide without carbohydrate counting at (4) 8 \u00b5g\/U and (5) 10 \u00b5g\/U ratios.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The median time in target range (3.9\u201310.0 mmol\/L) with the control arm was 78.6 [65.3-92.9], compared with 76.2 [64.6-86.9] and 78.8 [68.8-86.0] with the fully closed-loop faster aspart and pramlintide systems at 8 and 10 \u00b5g\/U ratios, respectively, and compared with 65.9 [59.9-83.6] and 77.4 [72.1-82.7] with the fully closed-loop aspart and pramlintide systems at 8 and 10 \u00b5g\/U ratios, respectively. Times spent below 3.9 and 3.0 mmol\/L were numerically higher with the fully closed-loop aspart and pramlintide systems than the control arm. None of the differences were statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study suggests that automated insulin and pramlintide systems have the potential to alleviate carbohydrate counting without degrading time in range. A longer and larger study is underway.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968251371046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T11:11:38Z","timestamp":1760440298000},"page":"1457-1463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A Pilot Outpatient Assessment of a Fully Closed-Loop Insulin and Pramlintide System"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9866-7589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madison","family":"Odabassian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8326-7274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael A.","family":"Tsoukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada"},{"name":"The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1947-9301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2389-9066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa-Rosina","family":"Pasqua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada"},{"name":"The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Rutkowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6700-0385","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Haidar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada"},{"name":"The Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.060244"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Management of blood glucose in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus\u2014Uptodate. https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/management-of-blood-glucose-in-adults-with-type-1-diabetes-mellitus?search=intensive%20insulin%20therapy&source=search_result&selectedTitle=2~78&usage_type=default&display_rank=2. 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Lancet Digit Health. 2021;3:e723-e732. https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/landig\/article\/PIIS2589-7500(21)00139-4\/fulltext. Accessed August 20 2025.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(21)00139-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14302"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-021-01030-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.115.010629"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"StatPearls","author":"Thota S","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thota S, Akbar A, eds. Insulin. In: StatPearls. 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