{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T23:17:24Z","timestamp":1789773444058,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762214400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Diabetes Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"\n Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n Prior studies have not identified if continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) metrics at a critical gestational age window can discriminate risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. We evaluated late second- and third-trimester CGM metrics by gestational age associated with pregnancy outcomes in gravidas with type 1 diabetes (T1DM).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Dexcom G6 CGM data from a retrospective cohort of singleton gestations with T1DM (2018-2022) at an academic medical center were analyzed. Time in, above, and below range 63 to 140 mg\/dL (TIR, TAR, TBR), glycemic variability, and mean glucose concentration were computed in two-week CGM intervals from 24\n 0<\/jats:sup>\n to 39\n 6<\/jats:sup>\n weeks\n days<\/jats:sup>\n . Adverse pregnancy outcomes were hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), large-for-gestational age (LGA), and neonatal hypoglycemia. Linear mixed-effects models were fitted on CGM metrics computed from two-week CGM intervals, with gestational age, adverse pregnancy outcomes (i.e. presence\/absence of HDP, LGA, and\/or neonatal hypoglycemia), and their interaction as fixed effects.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n In 87 gravidas with preconception median hemoglobin A1c 6.5% (IQR 6.0, 7.1) and maternal body mass index 24.8 kg\/m\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n (IQR 21.9, 27.1), 71% had at least one adverse pregnancy outcome. Between weeks 24\n 0<\/jats:sup>\n and 37\n 6<\/jats:sup>\n , gravidas with HDP had higher TAR and mean glucose and lower TIR (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < .05). Gravidas with LGA had lower TBR between weeks 24\n 0<\/jats:sup>\n and 35\n 6<\/jats:sup>\n . TIR, TAR, and mean glucose evolution differed by HDP status, with greatest divergence between groups at 28\n 0<\/jats:sup>\n to 29\n 6<\/jats:sup>\n weeks\u2019 gestation (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 .001).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n CGM metrics in the late second to early third trimester, a period of peak insulin resistance, may help to distinguish risk of HDP and LGA in gravidas with T1DM.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968251388119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T10:53:11Z","timestamp":1762253591000},"page":"325-334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Continuous Glucose Monitoring and Maternal and Neonatal Morbidity in Pregnant People With Type 1 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5085-1163","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie A.","family":"Fisher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Pavan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Diabetes Technology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0839-4070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda F.","family":"Villa-Tamayo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Diabetes Technology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7575-4622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Fabris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Diabetes Technology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie E.","family":"Conboy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Niznik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6274-0544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynn M.","family":"Yee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4691-0096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcela","family":"Moscoso-Vasquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Diabetes Technology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annanda Fernandes Moura B.","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Diabetes Technology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5459-5044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael A.","family":"Kohn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9041-5167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9978-2644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amit R.","family":"Majithia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3119-9361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingtong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5120-2264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel E.","family":"Aaron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Technology Society, Burlingame, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6394-6862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Klonoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, San Mateo, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","article-title":"ACOG practice bulletin no. 201: pregestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"132","author":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u2019 Committee on Practice Bulletins\u2014Obstetrics","year":"2018","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists\u2019 Committee on Practice Bulletins\u2014Obstetrics. ACOG practice bulletin no. 201: pregestational diabetes mellitus. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;132(6):e228-e248.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32400-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-2527"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0078"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-2360"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0070"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-0636"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15276"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dci19-0028"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003892"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcped.2008.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-59"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1600"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ejcts\/ezac429"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4850-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-1437"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-019617"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1633-z"}],"container-title":["Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19322968251388119","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/19322968251388119","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19322968251388119","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T18:18:21Z","timestamp":1777400301000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/19322968251388119"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/19322968251388119"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19322968251388119","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-2968","1932-2968"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-2968","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-2968","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]]}}}