{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T07:28:15Z","timestamp":1793518095558,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762819200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014598","name":"MannKind Corporation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014598","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Diabetes Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Technosphere insulin (TI) is an ultra-rapid-acting inhaled insulin approved for glucose management in adults with diabetes mellitus. Using a higher modified initial conversion dose than in the current United States Prescribing Information, this study assessed supplementing or replacing automated insulin delivery (AID) systems with TI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adult participants with type 1 diabetes (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c], 7%-11%) using an AID system were randomized into TI + AID (TI for meals and AID for basal and corrections), TI + insulin degludec (TI for meals and corrections and insulin degludec for basal), or control group (remaining on AID) and treated for 90 days. HbA1c, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      ), hypoglycemic events, and adverse events (AEs) were assessed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 33 enrolled participants, 24 completed the study. All groups demonstrated comparable declines in HbA1c from baseline to end of treatment (statistically significant decline for control group). No within- or between-group statistical differences were observed in FEV\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Incidence and event rate of hypoglycemia &lt;70 mg\/dL and &lt;54 mg\/dL were similar between groups, and no severe hypoglycemic events were reported. No treatment-related serious AEs were reported, and 2 participants experienced AEs of special interest related to TI (clinically relevant decline in pulmonary function and wheezing).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This proof-of-concept study demonstrated the safety and efficacy of TI, at a higher modified dose conversion, when added for mealtime control to an AID system or was used for glycemic control with basal insulin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968251388128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T10:24:26Z","timestamp":1762856666000},"page":"1817-1827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Replacing or Supplementing Automated Insulin Delivery With Inhaled Insulin: A 90-Day Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3215-4317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin B.","family":"Kaiserman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MannKind Corporation, Westlake Village, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Ulloa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MannKind Corporation, Westlake Village, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Pleitez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MannKind Corporation, Westlake Village, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Sylvan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MannKind Corporation, Westlake Village, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Codorniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Treatment Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Treatment Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Jacobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes Treatment Center, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3746-9606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Blevins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Diabetes and Endocrinology, Austin, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc24-S009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1348"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-024-01598-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4568903"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcjd.2019.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2023.0320"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1205121"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","volume-title":"Presented at Diabetes Technology Meeting","author":"Grant M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Grant M, Harris E, Leone-Bay A, Rousseau K. Technosphere\/insulin: method of action. Presented at Diabetes Technology Meeting; November 2-4, 2006; Atlanta, GA."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/030079903125003134"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2020.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14202"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","volume-title":"Afrezza (Insulin Human Inhalation Powder, For Oral Inhalation Use)","author":"MannKind Corporation","year":"2023","unstructured":"MannKind Corporation. Afrezza (Insulin Human Inhalation Powder, For Oral Inhalation Use). Full Prescribing Information. 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