{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T07:10:21Z","timestamp":1789542621557,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK129681"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK129681"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK133789"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK133789"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Diabetes Sci Technol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Automated insulin delivery (AID) systems are limited by the short wear time of insulin infusion sets, which typically need replacement every 2 to 3 days, significantly shorter than the 14-day lifespan of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors. Infusion set failure remains a major obstacle to AID reliability and patient adherence. This study examined the roles of insertion trauma and biomaterial composition in causing acute inflammatory responses using both swine and mouse models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methodology:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated three commercial CGM sensors (Abbott Libre 2, Dexcom G7, Medtronic Guardian 3) and two Teflon-based IIS catheters (Medtronic QuickSet and i-Port Advance). In swine, tissue was histologically analyzed one day after implantation to assess neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation. In a murine air pouch model, we isolated material-specific immune responses by reducing mechanical injury. Lavage fluids collected at 1 and 3 days postimplantation were examined for immune cell infiltration and cytokine expression using flow cytometry and MSD multiplex assays.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NETs were observed at all insertion sites, indicating that tissue trauma, rather than the material itself, is the primary trigger of early NET formation. However, Teflon catheters caused a more prolonged inflammatory response, with increased recruitment of macrophages and mast cells, and higher levels of TNF-\u03b1 and KC\/GRO. In contrast, polyurethane-based sensors induced minimal immune activation, suggesting greater biocompatibility. The findings were consistent across models, although some species-specific differences were noted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings underscore the importance of minimizing insertion trauma and selecting biocompatible materials to promote device-tissue integration, prolong wear time, and enhance AID system performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968251389945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T09:47:47Z","timestamp":1763459267000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Device Insertion Versus Material: Drivers of Inflammation in Diabetes Device Interfaces"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2217-4378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priscila Silva","family":"Cunegundes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0618-7219","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean Gabriel","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjul","family":"Bhangu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1104-7704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Klueh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Integrative Biosciences Center (IBio), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/cd23-0080"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2022.0271"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaf034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.0718"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eprac.2022.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2004736"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.919942"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05744-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","article-title":"7. Diabetes technology: standards of care in diabetes \u2014 2023","volume":"46","author":"ElSayed NA","year":"2023","unstructured":"ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR, et al. 7. Diabetes technology: standards of care in diabetes \u2014 2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46:S111-S127.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2022.0513"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241310697"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968221078884"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681200600429"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","unstructured":"Dexcom Website. What material is the Dexcom filament and insertion needle made from? https:\/\/www.dexcom.com\/en-AU\/faqs\/what-material-is-the-dexcom-filament-and-insertion-needle-made-from. 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