{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T13:46:26Z","timestamp":1777556786755,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776124800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011946","name":"Abbott Diabetes Care","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011946","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Diabetes Sci Technol"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluated the impact of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) on health outcomes and workplace absenteeism among people living with type 2 diabetes (T2D) who are not using insulin.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a pre\u2013post observational study using real-world data from a large employer health plan. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI), and sick days were measured 360 days before (baseline period) and 360 days after (follow-up period) CGM initiation. Persistence was defined as refilling CGM supplies at least once every 90 days.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In total, 71 patients were included (mean age, 52.3 years; 56.3% female); 33 (46.5%) were persistent to CGM. Overall, mean HbA1c levels decreased from 7.6% to 7.1% after the initiation of CGM (mean reduction, 0.52%; N\u2009=\u200955;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.042), while mean BMI decreased by 0.95 kg\/m\u00b2 (N\u2009=\u200934;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.075). Compared with the nonpersistent group, persistent patients achieved larger mean reductions in HbA1c levels (\u22120.89% vs. \u22120.17%; mean difference, 0.72%;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.152) and BMI (\u22122.26 kg\/m\u00b2 vs. +0.37 kg\/m\u00b2; mean difference, 2.62 kg\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.009). Absenteeism decreased in the persistent group but increased in the nonpersistent cohort (\u22128.41 vs. +6.95 mean sick days; mean difference, 15.36\u2009days,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.002).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this population, CGM was associated with improvements in clinical outcomes and absenteeism, although the economic implications require further evaluation. BMI and absenteeism were statistically significantly improved among persistent patients, compared with those of the nonpersistent cohort. Employers could benefit from broader coverage of CGM in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968261428484","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T07:00:27Z","timestamp":1776150027000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of Continuous Glucose Monitoring on Clinical Outcomes and Productivity Losses Among People Living With Type 2 Diabetes Not Using Insulin From an Employer\u2019s Perspective"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Martha E.","family":"Shepherd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA"},{"name":"Metro Nashville Public Schools, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Harris-Shapiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metro Nashville Public Schools, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Hines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Metro Nashville Public Schools, Nashville, TN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Steele-Adjognon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FTI Consulting, Washington, DC, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abraham","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abbott Diabetes Care, Alameda, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4290-832X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yeesha","family":"Poon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abbott Diabetes Care, Alameda, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(17)30058-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Type 2 diabetes 2024. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/diabetes\/about\/about-type-2-diabetes.html. Accessed 27 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2018.24.9-a.s5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dci19-0014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc25-S007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2022.0418"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/cd20-0043"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2021.113054"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2021-002590"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-019-00720-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-024-06289-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-017-0255-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.14949"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-001115"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/ds20-0069"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16266"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2024.0015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0445"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2019-000809"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15866"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2024.30.10-b.s21"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japhpi.2025.100045"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6180.1000334"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2024.0171"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare Medicaid Services. Clinical endpoints review executive summary: devices for self-management of type 1 and insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes 2024. https:\/\/www.cms.gov\/files\/document\/id81b.pdf. Accessed 27 August 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12875-023-02067-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7258.405"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-S006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocarto.2024.100472"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/cd21-0137"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/js.2018-00294"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dci23-0085"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2010.16.4.264"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2005.11.7.559"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2021.0263"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2024.24025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2025.24253"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-024-01677-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2017.0096"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2024.30.1-a.s1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","unstructured":"Medicare. Continuous glucose monitors. https:\/\/www.medicare.gov\/coverage\/therapeutic-continuous-glucose-monitors. Accessed 27 August 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","unstructured":"United Healthcare. Continuous glucose monitoring and insulin delivery for managing diabetes 2025. https:\/\/www.uhcprovider.com\/content\/dam\/provider\/docs\/public\/policies\/comm-medical-drug\/continuous-glucose-monitoring-insulin-delivery-managing-diabetes.pdf. Accessed August 27 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","unstructured":"Aetna. Diabetes tests programs and supplies 2025. https:\/\/www.aetna.com\/cpb\/medical\/data\/1_99\/0070.html. Accessed 27 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","unstructured":"Cigna. Diabetes\u2014continuous glucose monitoring systems prior authorization policy 2025. https:\/\/static.cigna.com\/assets\/chcp\/pdf\/coveragePolicies\/cnf\/cnf_676_coveragepositioncriteria_diabetes_continuous_glucose_monitoring_systems_pa.pdf. 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