{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T07:28:15Z","timestamp":1793518095093,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792281600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792281600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Diabetes Sci Technol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The American Diabetes Association recommends screening for diabetes distress in individuals with diabetes and their caregivers. We evaluated the clinical utility of the Problem Areas in Diabetes\u2013Parent Revised version (PAID-PR) distress screener in caregivers of young children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and examined associations between diabetes distress, demographic and clinical characteristics, and diabetes technology use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this prospective survey study, caregivers of children with T1DM aged &lt;8 years completed the PAID-PR during multidisciplinary diabetes clinic visits. The PAID-PR scores and clinical data were collected. Associations between diabetes distress, clinical characteristics, and diabetes technology use were assessed using the Fisher exact, Wilcoxon rank sum, and 2-sample\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      tests. Distress related to theoretical vs immediate burdens was compared using paired\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty caregivers (73.3% mothers) of children with T1DM (mean age [SD] = 5.4y [1.9], 70% non-Hispanic White, 60% commercially insured) completed the PAID-PR. Child median diabetes duration was 1.5 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 0.6, 2.3), median HbA1c 7.6% (IQR = 6.9, 8.1). All children used continuous glucose monitors, 73.3% Omnipod 5, 6.7% Tandem Mobi, and 20% multiple daily injections. The median distress score was 30.6\/100 (IQR = 22.2, 36.1; the lowest 75th percentile of distress = 24.3 [12.5, 31.9]; the highest 25th percentile = 42.9 [38.6, 52.8]). Scores did not differ by demographics, clinical characteristics, or diabetes technology use. Caregivers indicated significantly greater distress from theoretical vs immediate burdens (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.0001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Caregivers of young children with T1DM experience greater distress related to anticipated future (theoretical) burdens than with immediate diabetes management. Understanding these distress patterns can help guide psychosocial supports.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19322968261492339","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T04:42:17Z","timestamp":1792384937000},"page":"1771-1778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diabetes Distress in Caregivers of Young Children With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3151-2060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena D.","family":"Georges","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1338-8270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neha","family":"Parimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8732-845X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Dimentstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1137-664X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7674-520X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Risa M.","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alkhatib EH Clary L Eddington A Streisand R Majidi S. Feasibility of caregiver diabetes distress screening in routine clinical care of youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2024;41(12):e15416. doi:10.1111\/dme.15416","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.15416"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-015-0694-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nurpra.2022.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","article-title":"Children and adolescents: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018","volume":"41","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2018","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. Children and adolescents: standards of medical care in diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(suppl 1):S126-S136","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2011.03434.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2023-003607"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-1778"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2026.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.15503"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.18.6.754"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsz018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2010.00720.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000699"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2022.0313"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","article-title":"Facilitating positive health behaviors and well-being to improve health outcomes: standards of care in Diabetes-2026","volume":"49","author":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes","year":"2026","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes; Bajaj M, McCoy RG, et al. Facilitating positive health behaviors and well-being to improve health outcomes: standards of care in Diabetes-2026. Diabetes Care. 2026;49(suppl 1):S89-S131.","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","article-title":"Establishing a clinically meaningful cut-point for the PAID-PR (Problem Areas in Diabetes\u2013Parent Revised) survey","volume":"67","author":"Tinsley Commissariat PV","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tinsley Commissariat PV, Volkening L, Anderson B, Katz M, Laffel LM. Establishing a clinically meaningful cut-point for the PAID-PR (Problem Areas in Diabetes\u2013Parent Revised) survey. Diabetes. 2018;67(suppl 1):1395-P.","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc21-2704"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16538"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2020-0339"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","first-page":"240","article-title":"Development of a diabetes navigator toolkit to support diabetes technology uptake: the IMPACT toolkit","volume":"43","author":"Wolf RM","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wolf RM, Parimi N, Alver D, et al. Development of a diabetes navigator toolkit to support diabetes technology uptake: the IMPACT toolkit. Clin Diabetes. 2025;43(2):240-252.","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2026.24260"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.70006"}],"container-title":["Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19322968261492339","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/19322968261492339","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19322968261492339","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T07:01:59Z","timestamp":1793516519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/19322968261492339"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/19322968261492339"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19322968261492339","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-2968","1932-2968"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-2968","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-2968","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]]}}}