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We previously described a mouse model of chronic inflammation-induced preterm birth after dental <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic> infection. The aim of this study was to employ this model system to investigate the mechanisms through which enhanced uterine contractility induces preterm birth. Messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding contraction-associated proteins, such as oxytocin receptors, was measured at various gestational time points by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Spontaneous and oxytocin-induced uterine contractile activity at gestational day 18 was assessed using a tissue organ bath. The expression levels of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR4, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-\u03baB) p65, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) on gestational day 18 were also determined by real-time PCR or Western blotting. Messenger RNA encoding contraction-associated proteins was increased at gestational day 18, and the spontaneous contractile activity (1.6-fold greater area under the contraction curve) and sensitivity to oxytocin (EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>: 8.8 nM vs 2.2 nM) were enhanced in the <jats:italic>P gingivalis<\/jats:italic> group compared to those in the control group. In the <jats:italic>P gingivalis<\/jats:italic> group, COX-2 mRNA expression was not elevated in the placenta or myometrium but was upregulated 2.3-fold in the fetal membrane. The TLR2 mRNA levels in the fetal membrane were 2.7-fold higher in the <jats:italic>P gingivalis<\/jats:italic> group, whereas TLR4 levels were not elevated. Activation of the NF-\u03baB p65 and p38 MAPK pathways was enhanced in the fetal membrane of the <jats:italic>P gingivalis<\/jats:italic> group. Thus, in mice with chronic dental <jats:italic>P gingivalis<\/jats:italic> infection, TLR2-induced inflammation in the fetal membrane leads to upregulation of uterine contractility, leading to preterm birth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719118792097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,18]],"date-time":"2018-09-18T03:45:52Z","timestamp":1537242352000},"page":"869-878","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Fetal Membrane Inflammation Induces Preterm Birth Via Toll-Like Receptor 2 in Mice With Chronic Gingivitis"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Haruhisa","family":"Konishi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Urabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Miyoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Teraoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoko","family":"Maki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisako","family":"Furusho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mutsumi","family":"Miyauchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Takata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshiki","family":"Kudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunichi","family":"Kajioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9832","key":"26070869_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60560-1","volume":"379","author":"L Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu L, Johnson HL, Cousens S, et al. 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