{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:36:12Z","timestamp":1777876572397,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. However, the changes in HIE-related mortality and its associated racial differences, if any, have not been extensively studied. We examined the population-based temporal trends and any racial differences in the HIE-related infant mortality rate (HIE-IMR) in the United States from 2007 through 2022.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of linked birth and infant death records data from the CDC WONDER from 2007\u20132022. We evaluated all infants born at \u226535\u00a0weeks gestational age (GA) who died within the first year of life with HIE (ICD-10 codes P91.6 and P21) as the underlying cause of death. The exposure was the year of death, and the outcomes were the changes in overall HIE-IMR and then stratified by race. HIE-IMR was calculated as per 100,000 live births. Linear regression was used for trend analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 59,117,761 live births, 3998 infants with GA \u2265 35\u00a0weeks died from HIE (6.7 per 100,000). The overall HIE-IMR increased significantly from 5.2 to 9.6 per 100,000 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001). The rate increased significantly in White (5.3 to 7.2;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001) and Black (5.2 to 8.1;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .005) infants. The overall HIE-IMR was significantly higher in Black infants (7.3) than in White infants (7.2) [\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .02].\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The HIE-IMR rate increased significantly, and the rate was higher in Black than in White infants. The drivers behind these changes require further examination in future studies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19345798251325496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T14:18:54Z","timestamp":1741097934000},"page":"270-273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trends and racial differences in hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy-related mortality in newborns in the United States, 2007\u20132022"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Hannah","family":"Pulido","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Valley Children\u2019s Pediatric Residency Program, Madera, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0563-0437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fredrick","family":"Dapaah-Siakwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Valley Children\u2019s Pediatric Residency Program, Madera, CA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Valley Children\u2019s Healthcare, Madera, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1754.2010.01880.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c363"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-063032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"Acun C Lavu R Elgendy MM et al. PAS 2023. Racial disparities in neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy 2023. https:\/\/2023.pas-meeting.org\/fsPopup.asp?efp=WFJFTkxUVUcxNzk2Mw&PosterID=562568&rnd=0.3581042&mode=posterinfo"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.113966"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/children9020257"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"Centers for disease control and prevention NC for HS. National vital statistics system linked birth\/infant deaths on CDC WONDER online database. Data are from the linked birth\/infant deaths records 2007-2022 as compiled from data provided by the 57 vital statistics jurisdictions. https:\/\/wonder.cdc.gov\/lbd-current.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.1511"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-022-01468-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pediatrneurol.2023.08.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","unstructured":"Vermont Oxford Network. Therapeutic Hypothermia Increased 66% from 2012 to 2021 [Internet]. https:\/\/public.vtoxford.org\/nicu-by-the-numbers\/therapeutic-hypothermia-increased-66-from-2012-to-2021\/. Accessed on October 5 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-023-01834-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21106\/ijma.271"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","volume-title":"Vital Statistics Rapid Release","author":"Ely DM","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ely DM, Driscoll AK. Infant mortality inthe United States: Provisional data fromthe 2022 period linked birth\/infant deathfile. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Statistics Rapid Release. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2023, 33. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15620\/cdc:133699"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0724"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19345798251325496","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/19345798251325496","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19345798251325496","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T22:26:49Z","timestamp":1777588009000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/19345798251325496"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/19345798251325496"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19345798251325496","relation":{},"ISSN":["1934-5798","1878-4429"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1934-5798","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-4429","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]]}}}