{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:36:12Z","timestamp":1777876572763,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sharpe Strumia Research Foundation of the Bryn Mawr Hospital"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012465","name":"Nemours Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012465","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several studies report hemolysis when packed red blood cells (PRBCs) are transfused through small-inner-diameter (ID) catheters using presence of biomarkers but do not address cause and amount of hemolysis. This study aims to determine the cause and index of hemolysis percent (IH%) when PRBCs are infused through small-ID catheters.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The IH% was calculated using Giersiepen\u2019s empirical power law, which describes a relationship between hemolysis and magnitude of shear stress and exposure time. Six- and 27-day-old PRBCs were infused through five catheters with IDs of 0.20\u00a0mm to 0.70\u00a0mm at infusion rates of 3\u00a0mL and 10\u00a0mL\/hour. Shear stress and exposure time were calculated. Data were analyzed as a function of catheter ID, infusion rates, and blood age.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study demonstrated that shear stress was supraphysiologic during laminar flow in catheters with IDs of 0.20\u00a0mm and 0.28\u00a0mm. These catheters\u2019 IH% were \u223c117 times higher at 3\u00a0mL\/hour and \u223c75 times higher at 10\u00a0mL\/hour than catheters with larger IDs of 0.48\u00a0mm, 0.51\u00a0mm, and 0.70\u00a0mm. For blood age, in catheters with IDs of 0.20\u00a0mm and 0.28\u00a0mm, IH% was \u223c155 times higher at 6\u00a0days and \u223c76 times higher at 27\u00a0days than in catheters with IDs of 0.48\u00a0mm, 0.51\u00a0mm, and 0.70\u00a0mm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrated that when RBCs are subjected to supraphysiologic shear stress in catheters with IDs of \u22640.28\u00a0mm, index of hemolysis is greater than in catheters with IDs \u22650.48\u00a0mm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19345798251326071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]],"date-time":"2025-03-21T16:08:31Z","timestamp":1742573311000},"page":"255-269","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of stress-induced hemolysis in neonatal intravenous catheters: Theoretical and experimental analysis of shear stress, exposure time, and index of hemolysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Gordon Y","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Children\u2019s Hospital of Philadelphia at Main Line Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA"},{"name":"Main Line Health Neonatology, Bryn Mawr Hospital, Bryn Mawr, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia A","family":"Cox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Main Line Health Neonatology, Bryn Mawr Hospital, Bryn Mawr, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellen A","family":"Kane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Main Line Health Nursing, Bryn Mawr Hospital, Bryn Mawr, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanna Palermo","family":"Tye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Main Line Health Nursing, Lankenau Medical Center, Wynnewood, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2653-8808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Fawcett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research, Nemours Children\u2019s Health, Wilmington, DE, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas H","family":"Shaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Pediatric Lung Research, Nemours Children\u2019s Health, Wilmington, DE, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00878-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","volume-title":"Preterm birth","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2023","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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