{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T01:23:56Z","timestamp":1777944236716,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759881600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mary Ecclestone Nutrition Scholarship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Infants with gastroschisis often experience prolonged stays in hospital as they transition from parenteral nutrition to enteral feeds. The purpose of this study was to assess the evidence for the use of exclusive human milk compared to formula in these patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A structured search was performed using Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Central from inception until March 2025. We included comparative studies of infants with gastroschisis who received exclusive human milk versus supplemental or exclusive formula. Screening and data extraction were completed by two independent reviewers. Results from included studies were meta-analyzed using a random-effects model and reported as risk ratios (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Risk of bias assessments were performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Outcomes included time to enteral autonomy, necrotizing enterocolitis, sepsis, cholestasis, and mortality. Certainty of evidence was summarized using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified 3661 infants with gastroschisis from six retrospective cohort studies and one case-control study. Exclusive human milk was associated with a reduced risk of mortality (RR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.15\u20130.99, I\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      = 0%). There were no statistically significant differences between groups for necrotizing enterocolitis, cholestasis, or sepsis. These findings were supported by low quality evidence based on retrospective data.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The best available evidence suggests that exclusive breast milk is associated with reduced mortality compared to formula among infants with gastroschisis. This estimate is based on data from retrospective studies. Further research is needed to clarify the role of donor human milk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19345798251384981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T22:03:51Z","timestamp":1759961031000},"page":"245-259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exclusive human milk for infants with gastroschisis: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3743-8359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hareshan","family":"Suntharalingam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster Pediatric Surgery Research Collaborative"},{"name":"McMaster University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster Pediatric Surgery Research Collaborative"},{"name":"Meharry Medical College"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Briatico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster Pediatric Surgery Research Collaborative"},{"name":"McMaster University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7504-8530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Huisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9920-0488","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prakesh S","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0605-1357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael H.","family":"Livingston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster Pediatric Surgery Research Collaborative"},{"name":"McMaster University"},{"name":"McMaster University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"CDC birth defects. Gastroschisis; 2024. Available from. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/birth-defects\/about\/gastroschisis.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14238\/pi64.3.2024.264-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2018.1529163"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.1022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2019.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.47338\/jns.v4.456"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1598086"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jcn.JCN_50_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","volume-title":"Breastfeeding","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Breastfeeding. WHO, 2019. Available from. https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/breastfeeding"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2020.00059"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041039"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104074"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxad034"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quigley M Embleton ND Meader N et al. Donor human milk for preventing necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low\u2010birthweight infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2024; 9. Available from. https:\/\/www.cochranelibrary.com\/cdsr\/doi\/10.1002\/14651858.CD002971.pub6\/full","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD002971.pub6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamasurg.2021.0522"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","unstructured":"Hareshan S Michael HL. Among infants with gastroschisis is exclusive breast milk associated with superior in-hospital outcomes compared to supplemental and\/or exclusive formula? PROSPERO. 2023. Available from. https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD42023426801"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","unstructured":"Home|ClinicalTrials.gov. Available from. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","unstructured":"International clinical trials registry platform (ICTRP). Available from. https:\/\/www.who.int\/clinical-trials-registry-platform"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","unstructured":"Wells G Shea B O\u2019Connell D et al. The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. 2021 Available from. https:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10245723"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0317179"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","volume-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.5","author":"Sch\u00fcnemann HJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sch\u00fcnemann HJ, Higgins JPT, Vist GE, et al. Chapter 14: completing \u2018Summary of findings\u2019 tables and grading the certainty of the evidence. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, et al. (eds). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.5. Cochrane, 2024. [last updated August 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","volume-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.5","author":"Deeks JJ","year":"2024","unstructured":"Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG, McKenzie JE, Veroniki AA (editors). Chapter 10: Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, et al. (editors). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.5. Cochrane; 2024. [last updated November 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9629(24)00726-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jpen.2692"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jpc.16657"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of feeding protocol on gastroschisis neonatal outcome","volume":"29","author":"Champion V","year":"2016","unstructured":"Champion V, Zurita A, Friszer S, et al. Effect of feeding protocol on gastroschisis neonatal outcome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016; 29(sup1): 1\u2013313.","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31818c5281"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/2965-2774.20230010-en"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","first-page":"726","article-title":"Pilot study of sham feeding in postoperative neonates","volume":"39","author":"Tucker A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tucker A, Huang EY, Peredo J, et al. Pilot study of sham feeding in postoperative neonates. Am J Perinatol 2020; 39: 726\u2013731.","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","unstructured":"Amy BH. Oral care: an important adjunctive therapy to improve feeding tolerance in infants with gastroschisis. Clinicaltrials.gov. Available from. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03393832"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","first-page":"756","article-title":"Gestational age at delivery and neonatal outcomes among infants with gastroschisis in the Children\u2019s Hospitals Neonatal Consortium (CHNC)","volume":"41","author":"Riddle S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Riddle S, Acharya K, Agarwal N, et al. Gestational age at delivery and neonatal outcomes among infants with gastroschisis in the Children\u2019s Hospitals Neonatal Consortium (CHNC). Am J Perinatol 2022; 41: 756\u2013763.","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","first-page":"A62","article-title":"Retrospective study of gastroschisis: effects of breast milk on clinical outcomes [abstract]","volume":"13","author":"Patel AL","year":"2018","unstructured":"Patel AL. Retrospective study of gastroschisis: effects of breast milk on clinical outcomes [abstract]. Breastfeed Med. 2018; 13(7): A62\u2013A63.","journal-title":"Breastfeed Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020589"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Use of breast milk and other feeding practices following gastrointestinal surgery in infants","volume":"67","author":"Varma S","year":"2018","unstructured":"Varma S, Bartlett E, Nam L, et al. Use of breast milk and other feeding practices following gastrointestinal surgery in infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018; 67(S1): S1\u2013S411.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of an exclusive human milk diet in term infants with complex surgical disorders","volume":"76","author":"Karpen H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Karpen H, Svp Study Group, Cgd Study Group, Blanco C. Effects of an exclusive human milk diet in term infants with complex surgical disorders. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2023; 76(S1): 1\u20131407.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","first-page":"367","article-title":"Feeding practice, nutrition, and growth in infants with abdominal wall defects and esophageal atresia: a retrospective case\u2013control study","volume":"33","author":"Sparre S","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sparre S, Zachariassen G, Elleb\u00e6k MB, et al. Feeding practice, nutrition, and growth in infants with abdominal wall defects and esophageal atresia: a retrospective case\u2013control study. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2022; 33: 367\u2013376.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","unstructured":"Strobel K. The influence of feeding source on the gut microbiome and time to full feeds in neonates with congenital gastrointestinal pathologies. Clinicaltrials.gov. 2023. Available from. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT06072976"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2012-302724.0718"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","first-page":"S1","article-title":"The impact of nutritional practices on the intestinal microbiome in gastroschisis infants","volume":"65","author":"Wu A","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wu A, Murthy S, Lee D, et al. The impact of nutritional practices on the intestinal microbiome in gastroschisis infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017; 65(S2): S1\u2013S359.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","first-page":"16","article-title":"Extending the benefits of human milk-based fortification to new infant populations","volume":"37","author":"Schmidt M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Schmidt M, Lynch MF. Extending the benefits of human milk-based fortification to new infant populations. Neonatal Intensive Care 2024; 37(3): 16\u201319.","journal-title":"Neonatal Intensive Care"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pch\/pxae067.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","volume-title":"Clinical and biological outcomes of human milk and formula intake after gastroschisis repair","author":"Adibe OO","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adibe OO. Clinical and biological outcomes of human milk and formula intake after gastroschisis repair. Clinicaltrials.gov, 2024.Available from. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02575846"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2015.11.046"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-0595-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2013.27"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2021.12.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2024.01.045"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(98)90191-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13052-018-0509-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3468(99)90162-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051322"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060707"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","first-page":"46","article-title":"Gastric emptying in formula-fed and breast-fed infants measured with the 13C-octanoic acid breath test","volume":"29","author":"Driessche MVD","year":"1999","unstructured":"Driessche MVD, Peeters K, Marien P, et al. Gastric emptying in formula-fed and breast-fed infants measured with the 13C-octanoic acid breath test. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1999; 29(1): 46\u201351.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113536"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13411"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1740-8709.2008.00176.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2021.02.055"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","first-page":"269","article-title":"Human milk pasteurization: benefits and risks","volume":"18","author":"O\u2019Connor DL","year":"2015","unstructured":"O\u2019Connor DL, Ewaschuk JB, Unger S. Human milk pasteurization: benefits and risks. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2015; 18(3): 269\u2013275.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19345798251327370"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2021.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","first-page":"153","article-title":"Does use of a feeding protocol change outcomes in gastroschisis? a report from the Midwest pediatric surgery consortium","volume":"32","author":"Dekonenko C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dekonenko C, Fraser JD, Deans K, et al. Does use of a feeding protocol change outcomes in gastroschisis? a report from the Midwest pediatric surgery consortium. Eur J Pediatr Surg 2020; 32: 153\u2013159.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ncp.11216"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpedsurg.2021.04.011"}],"container-title":["Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19345798251384981","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/19345798251384981","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19345798251384981","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T07:49:18Z","timestamp":1777708158000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/19345798251384981"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/19345798251384981"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19345798251384981","relation":{},"ISSN":["1934-5798","1878-4429"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1934-5798","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-4429","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]]}}}