{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T06:36:46Z","timestamp":1777876606329,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate whether pentoxifylline and probiotics are effective adjunctive therapies in necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) by assessing their effects on serum high-mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB-1), intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This prospective randomized controlled trial included 85 preterm neonates with Bell\u2019s stage IIA NEC who were randomized into 3 groups, but only 75 completed the study and were included in the per-protocol analysis. Group I received standard antibiotic therapy alone. Group II received antibiotics plus intravenous pentoxifylline (30\u00a0mg\/kg\/day infused over 6 h). Group III received antibiotics plus probiotic supplementation (1 \u00d7 10\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      CFU daily via feeding tube). Serum HMGB-1, I-FABP, and TAC levels were measured at diagnosis (before adjunctive therapy) and at discharge.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After treatment, all groups showed significant decreases in HMGB-1 and I-FABP and significant increases in TAC (p &lt; 0.05). Both pentoxifylline and probiotics showed greater biomarker improvement. The probiotic group had the largest reduction in I-FABP (p &lt; 0.05). Hospital stay was significantly shorter in the pentoxifylline and probiotic groups, with the shortest duration observed in the probiotic group (p &lt; 0.05). Mortality and progression to stage III NEC occurred only in the antibiotic group; however, the study was not powered to detect differences in major clinical outcomes. Higher HMGB-1 and I-FABP levels were associated with longer hospitalization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pentoxifylline and probiotics may serve as beneficial adjunctive therapies in the treatment of stage IIA NEC, with probiotics showing greater improvements in biomarkers. Further large-scale studies are needed to confirm clinical benefit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19345798261445363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T10:50:55Z","timestamp":1776855055000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative effects of probiotics and pentoxifylline on intestinal injury biomarkers (HMGB-1, I-FABP) in preterm neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis: A randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Sahar","family":"Hegazy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heba","family":"El Mahdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alaa","family":"Rowisha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-024-00626-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sempedsurg.2023.151312"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13010062"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000113"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28022"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.1048322"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2017.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10111672"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-022-00594-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1440-1681.13508"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-22-27"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.116.012237"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","first-page":"179","article-title":"Necrotizing enterocolitis: treatment based on staging criteria","volume":"33","author":"Walsh MC","year":"1986","unstructured":"Walsh MC, Kliegman RM. 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