{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T19:20:58Z","timestamp":1789154458548,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tissue Engineering Part A"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Skin aging involves changes in extracellular matrix components, such as wrinkles and pigmentation. Caviar extract (CE) is a promising compound for skin rejuvenation, but effective topical delivery requires optimized carriers. This study evaluated polyvinyl alcohol\/carboxymethyl chitosan (PVA\/CMC) hydrogels loaded with CE at concentrations of 2%, 3.5%, and 5% as scaffolds to influence the epithelial differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs). Hydrogels were synthesized using a freeze-thaw method and characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy, swelling and degradation tests, and mechanical analysis. Biocompatibility and cell migration were assessed using MTT and scratch assays; at the same time, expression of cytokeratin-18 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CK-18<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and pan-cytokeratin (pan-CK) was measured via reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry (ICC), respectively. FTIR confirmed successful CE incorporation, and SEM revealed a porous structure. Hydrogels with 3.5% and 5% CE demonstrated a good balance between swelling and degradation over 336 h. The biocompatibility tests showed that 5% CE supported enhanced long-term cell growth. The scratch assay indicated improved cell migration, and transcriptional analysis revealed significantly higher\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CK-18<\/jats:italic>\n                    levels in ADMSCs treated with PVA\/CMC\/CE 5% (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001). ICC results showed significantly higher pan-CK expression at 3.5% CE (41.82%) and 5% CE (48.16%), suggesting that CE promotes repair processes. These findings suggest that 5% CE-loaded PVA\/CMC hydrogel could be an effective option for skin regeneration and antiaging.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/19373341251398819","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T02:06:41Z","timestamp":1764295601000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of Carboxymethyl Chitosan Hydrogel Containing Caviar Extract Effect on Skin Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh Sadat","family":"Seyedi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Mohammad","family":"Atyabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of NanoBiotechnology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasamin","family":"Moradi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiva","family":"Irani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, SR.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fereshteh","family":"Sharifi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, CT.C., Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c01321"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13550"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1404.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-8155-1584-5.50016-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2021.102273"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16010137"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15226\/2374-6866\/2\/3\/00136","article-title":"A review on active ingredients from marine sources used in cosmetics","volume":"2","author":"Uppala L","year":"2015","unstructured":"Uppala L. A review on active ingredients from marine sources used in cosmetics. SOJPPS, 2015; 2(3):1\u20133.","journal-title":"SOJPPS"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md20110685"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093383"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-816421-1.00015-X"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","article-title":"Biopolymers for hydrogels in cosmetics","volume":"31","author":"Stanis\u0142aw M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stanis\u0142aw M, , Alina S, , Amit J. Biopolymers for hydrogels in cosmetics. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2020; 31(6).","journal-title":"Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12050396"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","first-page":"69","article-title":"A review of Polyvinyl alcohol\/Carboxymethyl cellulose (PVA\/CMC) composites for various applications","volume":"2","author":"Arefian M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arefian M, , Hojjati M, , Tajzad I, et al. A review of Polyvinyl alcohol\/Carboxymethyl cellulose (PVA\/CMC) composites for various applications. 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