{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T01:12:56Z","timestamp":1783905176832,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tissue Engineering Part B: Reviews"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly applied to bioink formulation and bioprinting process control in tissue engineering (TE). Yet, translational progress remains constrained by small datasets, limited cross-platform validation, and weak links between computational predictions and biological outcomes. This review critically evaluates experimentally validated AI applications across scaffold-based bone regeneration, spanning materials design, fabrication control, and biological assessment. Physics-informed models are often more robust and generalizable than purely data-driven approaches, whereas transfer learning remains challenging due to variability in cellular responses and fabrication conditions. To address gaps in existing reporting standards, to address gaps in current reporting recommendations, we propose the AI\u2013TE reporting framework, incorporating TE\u2013specific requirements for biological validation, fabrication documentation, and translational readiness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Impact Statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite the rapid growth of AI-driven scaffold design for bone regeneration, reproducibility, and validation remain insufficiently addressed across current studies. This review identifies key methodological gaps and synthesizes practical validation and reporting priorities to improve reliability and translational relevance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19373368261467436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T11:10:27Z","timestamp":1783681827000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reproducibility and Validation Challenges in AI-Driven Scaffold Design for Bone Regeneration"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Mohammadamin","family":"Damsaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Director, Facial Plastic Surgery Research Program, iFACE Academy, Toronto, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farnaz Heidari","family":"Laybidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zohreh","family":"Moradipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentistry School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Sobhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentistry School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niloufar","family":"Shavali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Artificial Intelligence and Innovation Program, Maxillofacial Surgery, Implantology and Biomaterials Research Foundation, Isfahan, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Mahdi Rezaei","family":"Nayeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentistry School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham","family":"Gholami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dentistry School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirmohammad","family":"Dolatabadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Implant Research Center, Dental Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Raee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Implant Research Center, Dental Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4130-6610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad","family":"Hosseini Hooshiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Implant Research Center, Dental Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-025-04686-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-024-01118-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2958"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-020-0204-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Histological analysis of new bone formation using bone substitutes, with and without autograft: A systematic review","author":"Hosseini Hooshiar M","year":"2025","unstructured":"6.Hosseini Hooshiar M, , Moradipour Z, , Moeintaghavi A, et al. 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