{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T11:07:47Z","timestamp":1789211267479,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8-9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011036","name":"Empire State Development's Division of Science, Technology and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["Centers for Advanced Technology (CAT) Grant, Proje"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Centers for Advanced Technology (CAT) Grant, Proje"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011036","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Tissue Engineering Part C: Methods"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Decellularized cartilage xenograft is an emerging alternative to autograft or allograft techniques, though its application has been limited by the toxicity that conventional chemical decellularizing agents have on tissue structure and the environment. We describe a nontoxic, scalable, and environmentally sustainable ovine cartilage decellularization protocol utilizing supercritical CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    (scCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Five scCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    decellularization protocols were evaluated in various ovine cartilage dimensions, of which the multicycle scCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    method was selected for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    evaluation of ovine zested cartilage, ovine minced cartilage, and human minced cartilage. Cartilage groups were enclosed in porous polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds and implanted subcutaneously on rat dorsa along with an empty scaffold control group. Rats were euthanized after 1, 3, and 6 months for volumetric, histological, and biomechanical analysis of implants. The efficiencies of scCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    decellularization was enhanced by multicycle process or additional reagents, as well as the smaller dimensions of processed cartilage, as confirmed by DNA quantification and nucleic staining. Preserved structural integrity was evidenced by intact cartilage structure, lacunae components, and collagenous content postprocessing on histology. Implantation in a murine model for 6 months demonstrated excellent neo-tissue ingrowth with minimal inflammatory response. Biomechanical testing revealed no significant differences in moduli or hydraulic permeability of minced and zested samples, before and after the decellularization treatment. The resulting stiffness after implantation mimicked the physical properties of other cartilaginous tissues. In conclusion, we demonstrate the effective decellularization of ovine cartilage graft with a scCO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    protocol while maintaining native tissue architecture and biomechanical properties with a minimal immunogenic response\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Further development of this approach promises to augment surgeon choice of materials used for cartilage reconstruction.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/19373384261477631","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T06:08:51Z","timestamp":1786601331000},"page":"297-309","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Decellularization of Cartilage Xenograft with Supercritical CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"George S.","family":"Corpuz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Bioregenerative Medicine &amp; Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Bioregenerative Medicine &amp; Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0760-7427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sophia","family":"Salingaros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Bioregenerative Medicine &amp; Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Urrea de la Puerta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas A.","family":"Vernice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Bioregenerative Medicine &amp; Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gillian M.","family":"O\u2019Connell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Bioregenerative Medicine &amp; Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hector F.","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Bioregenerative Medicine &amp; Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jini","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Bioregenerative Medicine &amp; Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5286-7146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David M.","family":"Bednarski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NovaSterilis Inc., Lansing, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Eisenhut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NovaSterilis Inc., Lansing, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Eisenhut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NovaSterilis Inc., Lansing, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence J.","family":"Bonassar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA."},{"name":"Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason A.","family":"Spector","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Laboratory of Bioregenerative Medicine &amp; Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA."},{"name":"Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA."},{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5999\/aps.2020.01095"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2021.06.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000001859"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.05.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000009372"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/7651_2017_59"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000003184"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37764"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9831534"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83250-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.01.057"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.8b00178"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr10122588"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051565"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2021.105194"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/term.3162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v036a07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.07.083"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2017.0090"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13050755"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/229255031502300411"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2015.0449"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(20010615)55:4<503::AID-JBM1043>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma00068a040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2015.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.11.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-007-2300-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2015.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2006.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132344"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-82735-9_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2019.09.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.805299"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2021.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2003.06.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-4975(95)98967-Y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2009.00796.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","unstructured":"38.REGULATION (EC) No 1907\/2006 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 18 December 2006 concerning the Registration Evaluation Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) establishing a European Chemicals Agency amending Directive 1999\/45\/EC and repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 793\/93 and Commission Regulation (EC) No 1488\/94 as well as Council Directive 76\/769\/EEC and Commission Directives 91\/155\/EEC 93\/67\/EEC 93\/105\/EC and 2000\/21\/EC. 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