{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:50:19Z","timestamp":1791568219154,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["HERD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study critically examines the ethical scope of evidence-based design (EBD) within the UK context, arguing that its empirical methodology encounters significant limitations in addressing the inherent dignity of nonautonomous patients and complex ethical tradeoffs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence-based design has significantly advanced healthcare environments by utilizing empirical research to improve outcomes related to safety, efficiency, and satisfaction. Its success in addressing issues with ethical implications, such as privacy and infection control, inevitably raises the question of its sufficiency in creating a fully ethical environment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This article critically analyzes professional codes of conduct and NHS guidelines, alongside a review of the current EBD literature, to evaluate their adequacy in bridging the ethical gaps identified in the methodology of evidence-based design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The analysis reveals that EBD's predominant focus on quantitative metrics\u2014medical, financial, and satisfaction-based\u2014fails to adequately address the inherent dignity of nonautonomous patients and complex ethical tradeoffs where principles like justice or safety may not align with user contentment. Furthermore, professional codes and NHS guidelines are insufficient to bridge this gap, being either too narrow in scope or too generalized.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The article proposes integrating Martha Nussbaum's Capabilities Approach as a complementary ethical framework to address EBD's identified blind spots. Bridging EBD's empirical rigor with such a dignity-oriented model offers a promising path toward creating healthcare environments that are not only effective but also profoundly respectful of fundamental patient rights.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19375867261427408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:39:08Z","timestamp":1786513148000},"page":"59-72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ethical Limitations of Evidence-Based Design: A Critical Analysis of UK Practices"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1220-020X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Rouhollah","family":"Hashemi Nezhad Ashrafi (S. R. 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