{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:10:45Z","timestamp":1777615845550,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,10]],"date-time":"2013-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1386633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foot &amp; Ankle Specialist"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background. Chronic ankle instability (CAI) results in abnormal ankle kinematics, but there exists limited quantitative data characterizing these alterations. This study was undertaken to investigate kinematic alterations of the talocrural and subtalar joints in CAI. Methods. A total of 14 male patients with unilateral CAI (mean age = 21.1 \u00b1 2.5 years) were enrolled. Computed tomography and fluoroscopic imaging of both lower extremities during weightbearing passive ankle joint complex (AJC) rotation were obtained. Three-dimensional bone models created from the computed tomography images were matched with the fluoroscopic images to compute the 6 degrees-of-freedom talocrural, subtalar, and AJC kinematics. Results. In 20\u00b0 plantarflexion, ankles with CAI demonstrated significantly increased anterior translation of the talocrural joint during AJC internal rotation from 5\u00b0 to 7\u00b0 and significantly decreased talocrural internal rotation within an AJC arc of motion from \u22121\u00b0 to 5\u00b0. CAI joints demonstrated significantly increased internal rotation of the subtalar joint within an AJC arc of motion from \u22121\u00b0 to 3\u00b0. Discussion. In CAI, altered subtalar internal rotation occurs with increased talocrural anterior translation and reduced talocrural internal rotation during weightbearing ankle internal rotation in plantarflexion. These results suggest that altered subtalar mechanics may contribute to CAI symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Levels of Evidence: Diagnostic, Level IV, Cross-sectional<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1938640013514269","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,11]],"date-time":"2013-12-11T21:48:41Z","timestamp":1386798521000},"page":"13-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["In Vivo Kinematics of the Talocrural and Subtalar Joints During Weightbearing Ankle Rotation in Chronic Ankle Instability"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Takumi","family":"Kobayashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical Technology and Health Welfare Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima (TK, MS, KG)"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Hokkaido Chitose Institute of Rehabilitation Technology, Hokkaido (TK)"},{"name":"Departments of Orthopaedics (ES) and Medical Radiation (NY), Kanagawa Prefectural Shiomidai Hospital, Kanagawa"},{"name":"Departments of Rehabilitation (MS) and Orthopaedics (AA, KS), Yokohama Sports Medical Center, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masayuki","family":"Saka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical Technology and Health Welfare Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima (TK, MS, KG)"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Hokkaido Chitose Institute of Rehabilitation Technology, Hokkaido (TK)"},{"name":"Departments of Orthopaedics (ES) and Medical Radiation (NY), Kanagawa Prefectural Shiomidai Hospital, Kanagawa"},{"name":"Departments of Rehabilitation (MS) and Orthopaedics (AA, KS), Yokohama Sports Medical Center, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eiichi","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical Technology and Health Welfare Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima (TK, MS, KG)"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Hokkaido Chitose Institute of Rehabilitation Technology, Hokkaido (TK)"},{"name":"Departments of Orthopaedics (ES) and Medical Radiation (NY), Kanagawa Prefectural Shiomidai Hospital, Kanagawa"},{"name":"Departments of Rehabilitation (MS) and Orthopaedics (AA, KS), Yokohama Sports Medical Center, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naohito","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical Technology and Health Welfare Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima (TK, MS, KG)"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Hokkaido Chitose Institute of Rehabilitation Technology, 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Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Akaike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical Technology and Health Welfare Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima (TK, MS, KG)"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Hokkaido Chitose Institute of Rehabilitation Technology, Hokkaido (TK)"},{"name":"Departments of Orthopaedics (ES) and Medical Radiation (NY), Kanagawa Prefectural Shiomidai Hospital, Kanagawa"},{"name":"Departments of Rehabilitation (MS) and Orthopaedics (AA, KS), Yokohama Sports Medical Center, Kanagawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuniaki","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Medical Technology and Health Welfare Sciences, Hiroshima International University, Hiroshima (TK, MS, KG)"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Hokkaido Chitose Institute of Rehabilitation Technology, 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