{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:06:13Z","timestamp":1777615573458,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623974400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foot &amp; Ankle Specialist"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Steroid-induced avascular necrosis (AVN) of the lower extremity is a destructive process of the bone found in patients who have been treated with these medications for a variety of medical conditions. There are several proposed etiologies for development of this condition, however much debate still remains for the exact pathophysiology. The main clinical characteristics include edema, arthralgias, and restricted joint range of motion. Diagnostic imaging is a key aspect in the analysis of this pathologic process. When steroid-induced AVN affects multiple bones, this atypical presentation is difficult to treat due to its diffuse nature, therefore surgical options are limited. In these cases, conservative therapy is targeted toward pain relief and preserving joint range of motion. This review aims to provide an overview on the presentation of steroid-induced AVN in the foot and ankle, outline the pathophysiology of the process, and describe a variety of both conservative and surgical treatment options. A case study is provided to showcase a patient presentation of diffuse steroid-induced AVN of the foot and ankle and their course of treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Levels of Evidence: Level V: Expert opinion<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/19386400211017375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T07:19:12Z","timestamp":1624000752000},"page":"168-176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Steroid-Induced Avascular Necrosis in the Foot and Ankle\u2014Pathophysiology, Surgical, and Nonsurgical Therapies: Case Study and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2936-9592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shirley","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amber","family":"Kavanagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Zarick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-19386400211017375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6419.741"},{"key":"bibr2-19386400211017375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874325001206010449"},{"key":"bibr3-19386400211017375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcl.2018.10.002"},{"key":"bibr4-19386400211017375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-198003000-00005"},{"key":"bibr5-19386400211017375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.217094"},{"key":"bibr6-19386400211017375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/ker277"},{"key":"bibr7-19386400211017375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203318784648"},{"key":"bibr8-19386400211017375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1960.03030080028005"},{"key":"bibr9-19386400211017375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27236"},{"key":"bibr10-19386400211017375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(74)80281-7"},{"key":"bibr11-19386400211017375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.04.004"},{"key":"bibr12-19386400211017375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00132-018-3608-6"},{"key":"bibr13-19386400211017375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.166.1.3336682"},{"key":"bibr14-19386400211017375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10817-w"},{"issue":"130","key":"bibr15-19386400211017375","first-page":"68","author":"Fisher DE.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"bibr16-19386400211017375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-197759060-00003"},{"issue":"277","key":"bibr17-19386400211017375","first-page":"41","author":"Jones JP","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"bibr18-19386400211017375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-197511000-00028"},{"key":"bibr19-19386400211017375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.86B8.14834"},{"key":"bibr20-19386400211017375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arth.2015.03.036"},{"key":"bibr21-19386400211017375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2020.102460"},{"key":"bibr22-19386400211017375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2010.06.007"},{"key":"bibr23-19386400211017375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.67B1.3155745"},{"key":"bibr24-19386400211017375","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ortho.IJOrtho_608_17"},{"key":"bibr25-19386400211017375","unstructured":"Matricali G, Coeman P, Dereymaker G. 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