{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T09:09:40Z","timestamp":1789808980915,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":7,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789603200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foot & Ankle Specialist"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Osteochondral lesions of the talus (OLT) remain challenging to evaluate and report because of historically inconsistent terminology and nonspecific clinical findings. The 2017 and 2019 International Consensus Meetings on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle addressed complementary aspects of OLT evaluation, including history, physical examination, and terminology. The purpose of this proceedings article is to integrate these consensus statements into a concise framework for clinicians and researchers.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n Selected statements from the 2017 and 2019 International Consensus Meetings were reviewed and synthesized. Both meetings used a modified Delphi consensus process involving international experts in ankle cartilage repair. Statements were developed through blinded electronic surveys, structured questionnaires, literature review, in-person discussion, and final anonymous voting. Consensus strength was defined as consensus, strong consensus, or unanimous agreement according to predefined voting thresholds.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Consensus statements supported standardized terminology distinguishing subchondral bone lesions, chondral lesions, and OLT. Bone marrow stimulation was endorsed as an umbrella term for marrow-access procedures, and standardized terminology was recommended for autologous and allograft osteochondral transplantation. The panel also supported consistent reporting of subchondral edema, subchondral cysts, lesion area, diameter, depth, and injury chronicity. For clinical assessment, consensus supported documentation of activity level, symptom duration, trauma history, pain localization, mechanical symptoms, prior treatment, swelling, alignment, ankle range of motion, stability, and tenderness to palpation. Deep activity-related ankle pain, with or without swelling, was identified as the most important clinical feature suggesting a symptomatic ankle cartilage lesion.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n This proceedings article integrates terminology, history, and physical examination recommendations from the 2017 and 2019 International Consensus Meetings on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle. Standardized use of these definitions and clinical assessment elements may improve clinical communication, documentation, and consistency in research reporting<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19386400261485355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T07:24:36Z","timestamp":1789629876000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["History, Physical Examination, and Terminology of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus: Proceedings of the International Congress on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4601-1621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Tham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NYU Langone Health, New York City, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James J.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albany Medical Center, Albany, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NYU Langone Health, New York City, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiaan J. A.","family":"van Bergen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Amphia Hospital, Breda, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Onno L.","family":"Baur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher D.","family":"Murawski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Spennacchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinique du Sport-Centre Hospitalier, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic","family":"Carreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peachtree Orthopedics, Atlanta, Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Kearns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University College Hospital Galway, Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam W.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fortius Clinic, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helder","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopaedic Department, Centro Hospitalar P\u00f3voa de Varzim, Vila do Conde, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National University Health System, Division of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Singapore, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Calder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fortius Clinic, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Shazil","family":"Jamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal London Hospital, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eoghan T.","family":"Hurley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto","family":"Buda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, SS. Annunziata Hospital, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth J.","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Graham","family":"McCollum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Orthopaedics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Paul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rennbahnklinik, Muttenz, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Vannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituti Ortopedici Rizzoli, Bologna University, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Walther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schoen Klinik Muenchen Harlaching, Academic Hospital of Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youichi","family":"Yasui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zakariya","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Nienke","family":"J. Altink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge P.","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Arthroscopy, Centro Artroscopico Jorge Batista SA, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Bayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Berlet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Center, Worthington, Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2227-3195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jari","family":"Dahmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin S.","family":"Davey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter","family":"D\u2019Hooghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fortius Clinic, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"DiGiovanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard D.","family":"Ferkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern California Orthopedic Institute, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna L.","family":"Gianakos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yale Medicine, Orthopaedics, and Rehabilitation, New Haven, Connecticut"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Giza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Glazebrook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalhousie University & Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laszlo","family":"Hangody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Uzsoki Hospital, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7360-9763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Haverkamp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xpert Clinics Orthopedics, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beat","family":"Hintermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Orthopaedic Surgery, Kantonsspital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinghui","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daire","family":"Hurley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jon","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University, G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7286-0689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John G.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NYU Langone Health, New York City, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gino M. M. J.","family":"Kerkhoffs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaj T. A.","family":"Lambers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Woo Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel P.","family":"Mercer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NYU Langone Health, New York City, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Conor","family":"Mulvin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Nunley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo Pires","family":"Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedics Department, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven M.","family":"Raikin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Rothman Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6659-7001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Savage-Elliott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lew C.","family":"Schon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Foot and Ankle Reconstruction, Mercy Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1422-530X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshiharu","family":"Shimozono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James W.","family":"Stone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Orthopedic Institute of Wisconsin, Franklin, Wisconsin"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sjoerd A. S.","family":"Stufkens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Vincent\u2019s Clinic, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masato","family":"Takao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Research Institute for Foot and Ankle Surgery, Jujo Hospital, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hajo","family":"Thermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ATOS Clinic, Heidelberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Thordarson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Toale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal College of Surgeons Ireland, Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Valderrabano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Ortho Center, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Niek","family":"van Dijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raymond J.","family":"Walls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NYU Langone Health, New York City, New York"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alastair S. E.","family":"Younger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MaCalus V.","family":"Hogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"Members of International Consensus Group on Cartilage Repair of the Ankle 2017*","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ocl.2022.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02792135"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02812921"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jisako.2021.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100718779393"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ksa.12038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19476035241229026"}],"container-title":["Foot & Ankle Specialist"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19386400261485355","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/19386400261485355","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/19386400261485355","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T08:19:16Z","timestamp":1789805956000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/19386400261485355"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"references-count":7,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/19386400261485355"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/19386400261485355","relation":{},"ISSN":["1938-6400","1938-7636"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1938-6400","type":"print"},{"value":"1938-7636","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]]},"article-number":"19386400261485355"}}