{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T19:22:31Z","timestamp":1780082551658,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]],"date-time":"2018-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532563200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Footwear performance and injury mitigation may be compromised if the footwear is not properly sized for an athlete. Additionally, poor fit may result in discomfort and foot injury such as fifth metatarsal stress fracture, foot deformities, turf toe, and blisters. Current footwear fitting methods consist of foot length and width measurements, which may not properly describe the shape of the individual foot, correlated with shoe size descriptors that are not standardized. Footwear manufacturers employ a range of sizing rubrics, which introduces shoe size and shape variability between and even within footwear companies. This article describes the synthesis of literature to inform the development and deployment of an objective footwear fitting system in the National Football League (NFL). The process may inform athletic footwear fitting at other levels of play and in other sports.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Evidence Acquisition:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Literature related to footwear fitting, sizing, and foot scanning from 1980 through 2017 was compiled using electronic databases. Reference lists of articles were examined for additional relevant studies. Sixty-five sources are included in this descriptive review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Type:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Descriptive review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level 5.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Current methods of footwear fitting and variability in the size and shape of athletic footwear complicate proper fitting of footwear to athletes. An objective measurement and recommendation system that can match the 3-dimensional shape of an athlete\u2019s foot to the internal shape of available shoe models can provide important guidance for footwear selection. One such system has been deployed in the NFL.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An objective footwear fitting system based on 3-dimensional shape matching of feet and shoes can facilitate the selection of footwear that properly fits an athlete\u2019s foot.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738118789402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]],"date-time":"2018-07-26T12:31:04Z","timestamp":1532608264000},"page":"40-46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Development of a Footwear Sizing System in the National Football League"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"John W.","family":"Wannop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Lab, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren J.","family":"Stefanyshyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Lab, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert B.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OrthoCarolina, Charlotte, North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Coughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saint Alphonsus Coughlin Foot & Ankle Clinic, Boise, Idaho"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomechanics Consulting and Research (Biocore), Charlottesville, Virginia"},{"name":"University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1941738118789402","unstructured":"Alem\u00e1ny S, N\u00e1cher B, Alc\u00e1ntara E, Gonz\u00e1lez JC, Sanchis E. Morphological analysis of the lateral foot shape at different heel heights. Paper presented at: 6th Symposium on Footwear Biomechanics; 2003; Queenstown, New Zealand. http:\/\/www.staffs.ac.uk\/isb-fw\/Abstracts\/ALEMANY_MORPHOLOGICAL.pdf. Accessed July 20, 2018."},{"key":"bibr2-1941738118789402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3810\/psm.2005.01.33"},{"key":"bibr3-1941738118789402","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5435\/00124635-201009000-00006"},{"key":"bibr4-1941738118789402","unstructured":"ASTM. Standard practice for fitting athletic footwear. 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Paper presented at: International Conference on 3D Body Scanning Technologies; 2010; Lugano, Switzerland. https:\/\/www.3dbodyscanning.org\/cap\/papers\/2010\/10338_31jurca.pdf. 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Paper presented at: 2001 World Congress on Mass Customization and Personalization; Hong Kong. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/244955924_A_Fit_Metric_For_Footwear_Customization. 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