{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T01:06:29Z","timestamp":1793322389085,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]],"date-time":"2021-02-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612396800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Evidence suggests that shoulder and elbow injuries account for 31% to 37% of all National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) baseball injuries, and up to 69% of NCAA baseball injuries are the result of noncontact and overuse mechanisms. Early sport specialization may contribute to the high rates of upper extremity injuries in college baseball players.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n Higher specialization by age 13 years would be associated with worse subjective throwing arm function and a greater history of shoulder and elbow injury.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n Cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n Level 2.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Survey data were collected from college baseball players (N = 129) during midseason of the spring 2019 baseball season. Participants were stratified in low, moderate, and high specialization groups based on a 3-criteria sports specialization questionnaire. Participants\u2019 throwing arm function was measured using the Functional Arm Scale for Throwers and the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic shoulder and elbow questionnaires. Participants\u2019 history of a shoulder or elbow injury that resulted in missing \u22652 weeks of baseball activity at any point in their baseball career was also collected.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n The high specialization group reported worse subjective throwing arm function on the Functional Arm Scale for Throwers questionnaire than the low ( P = 0.03) and moderate ( P = 0.01) specialization groups. The high specialization group was over 5 times more likely to report a history of shoulder injury than the moderate (odds ratio [OR] = 5.42; 95% CI [1.71, 17.2]; P = 0.004) and low (OR = 5.20; 95% CI [1.87, 14.5]; P = 0.002) specialization groups, and over 3 times more likely to report a history of elbow injury than the moderate specialization group (OR = 3.77; 95% CI [1.05, 13.6]; P = 0.04).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n College baseball players that were highly specialized by age 13 years reported worse subjective throwing arm function and were more likely to have a history of upper extremity injury than players that were moderate or low specialization.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n Early specialization in baseball may be detrimental to long-term upper extremity health in college baseball players.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/1941738120986555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,5]],"date-time":"2021-02-05T14:07:40Z","timestamp":1612534060000},"page":"230-236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Early Sport Specialization Linked to Throwing Arm Function and Upper Extremity Injury History in College Baseball Players"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jason","family":"Croci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Adrian College, Adrian, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jim","family":"Nicknair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adrian College, Adrian, Michigan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Goetschius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1941738120986555","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.10.3.317"},{"key":"bibr2-1941738120986555","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062-6050-349-18"},{"key":"bibr3-1941738120986555","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2018-0657"},{"key":"bibr4-1941738120986555","unstructured":"Cooper J. 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