{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T13:49:53Z","timestamp":1789825793604,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650672000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Improper baseball pitching biomechanics are associated with increased stresses on the throwing elbow and shoulder as well as an increased risk of injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Evidence Acquisition:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous studies quantifying pitching kinematics and kinetics were reviewed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level 5.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At the instant of lead foot contact, the elbow should be flexed approximately 90\u00b0 with the shoulder at about 90\u00b0 abduction, 20\u00b0 horizontal abduction, and 45\u00b0 external rotation. The stride length should be about 85% of the pitcher\u2019s height with the lead foot in a slightly closed position. The pelvis should be rotated slightly open toward home plate with the upper torso in line with the pitching direction. Improper shoulder external rotation at foot contact is associated with increased elbow and shoulder torques and forces and may be corrected by changing the stride length and\/or arm path. From foot contact to maximum shoulder external rotation to ball release, the pitcher should demonstrate a kinematic chain of lead knee extension, pelvis rotation, upper trunk rotation, elbow extension, and shoulder internal rotation. The lead knee should be flexed about 45\u00b0 at foot contact and 30\u00b0 at ball release. Corrective strategies for insufficient knee extension may involve technical issues (stride length, lead foot position, lead foot orientation) and\/or strength and conditioning of the lower body. Improper pelvis and upper trunk rotation often indicate the need for core strength and flexibility. Maximum shoulder external rotation should be about 170\u00b0. Insufficient external rotation leads to low shoulder internal rotation velocity and low ball velocity. Deviation from 90\u00b0 abduction decreases the ability to achieve maximum external rotation, increases elbow torque, and decreases the dynamic stability in the glenohumeral joint.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Improved pitching biomechanics can increase performance and reduce risk of injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>SORT:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level C.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381221078537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T08:49:58Z","timestamp":1650703798000},"page":"274-281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["The Clinician\u2019s Guide to Baseball Pitching Biomechanics"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Alek Z.","family":"Diffendaffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael S.","family":"Bagwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Champion Sports Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9029-8749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glenn S.","family":"Fleisig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Yanagita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"American Sports Medicine Institute, Birmingham, Alabama"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"E. 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