{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T12:09:45Z","timestamp":1791461385280,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,11]],"date-time":"2023-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS","award":["20K19553"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20K19553"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Shoulder pain, known as swimmer\u2019s shoulder, is the most common injury for swimmers. Studies that have analyzed muscle activity have focused on the shoulder joint. However, the whole-body muscle coordination of swimmers with swimmer\u2019s shoulder is not clear, although swimming requires movements of the upper limbs, trunk, and lower limbs to obtain propulsive force. This study investigated differences in muscle coordination between swimmers with and without swimmer\u2019s shoulder during the front crawl and backstroke using muscle synergy analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Swimmers with swimmer\u2019s shoulder have muscle synergies differing from those without it.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Case-control study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Level of Evidence:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Level 4.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 20 elite swimmers who regularly swam front crawl and backstroke were included (swimmer\u2019s shoulder, n = 8; control, n = 12). Muscle synergy data were analyzed using the nonnegative matrix factorization method and compared between groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For both front crawl and backstroke, there were 2 synergies in the control group and 3 synergies in the swimmer\u2019s shoulder group. During recovery, the control group showed coordinated triceps brachii, serratus anterior, upper trapezius, lower trapezius, internal oblique, and external oblique muscles activities; however, in the swimmer\u2019s shoulder group, the contribution of the upper limbs decreased and only that of the trunk muscles increased.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comparison of muscle coordination during the front crawl and backstroke performed by swimmers with and without swimmer\u2019s shoulder revealed that coordination differed during the recovery phase. During both front crawl and backstroke, the swimmer\u2019s shoulder group could not maintain coordination with the upper limb when the trunk rolled, and split synergy was formed between the upper limbs and trunk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Because coordination of the upper limbs and trunk is important during the recovery phase of front crawl and backstroke, swimmer\u2019s shoulder rehabilitation should introduce exercises to improve their coordination between the upper limbs and the trunk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381231166957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,12]],"date-time":"2023-04-12T02:10:45Z","timestamp":1681265445000},"page":"89-96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Comparison of Muscle Coordination During Front Crawl and Backstroke With and Without Swimmer\u2019s Shoulder Pain"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3397-1140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuiko","family":"Matsuura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoto","family":"Matsunaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Education Core Curriculum Division, Seigakuin University, Saitama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Akuzawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomoki","family":"Oshikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Kaneoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 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